Metastatic calcification
Metastatic Calcification
Metastatic calcification (pronunciation: meh-tuh-STAT-ik kal-si-fi-KAY-shun) is a pathological process that involves the deposition of calcium salts in otherwise normal tissues due to elevated levels of calcium in the blood, a condition known as hypercalcemia. This is distinct from dystrophic calcification, which occurs in damaged or necrotic tissue regardless of systemic calcium levels.
Etymology
The term "metastatic" is derived from the Greek word "metastasis" which means "change of place". In this context, it refers to the movement of calcium from the bones or the digestive system to other parts of the body. "Calcification" comes from the Latin word "calx" which means "lime", and the suffix "-fication" which means "making" or "causing". Thus, "calcification" refers to the process of making something similar to lime, or in other words, hardening it by deposition of calcium salts.
Pathophysiology
Metastatic calcification can occur when there is an imbalance in the body's calcium metabolism. This can be due to various conditions such as hyperparathyroidism, renal failure, vitamin D toxicity, or malignancies that produce parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP). These conditions can lead to increased absorption of calcium from the diet, increased release of calcium from the bones, or decreased excretion of calcium in the urine, all of which can result in hypercalcemia and subsequent metastatic calcification.
Clinical Manifestations
The clinical manifestations of metastatic calcification depend on the location of the calcium deposits. Common sites include the kidneys, lungs, stomach, and blood vessels. In the kidneys, it can lead to nephrocalcinosis and renal failure. In the lungs, it can cause respiratory distress. In the stomach, it can result in peptic ulcers. In the blood vessels, it can lead to vascular calcification and increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
Diagnosis and Treatment
Diagnosis of metastatic calcification typically involves blood tests to measure calcium levels, imaging studies such as X-rays or CT scans to visualize calcium deposits, and sometimes tissue biopsy. Treatment is primarily aimed at correcting the underlying cause of hypercalcemia and may involve dietary modifications, medications to lower calcium levels, or surgery in cases of hyperparathyroidism or malignancy.
Related Terms
- Hypercalcemia
- Dystrophic calcification
- Nephrocalcinosis
- Hyperparathyroidism
- Renal failure
- Vitamin D toxicity
- Parathyroid hormone-related protein
- Peptic ulcer
- Vascular calcification
External links
- Medical encyclopedia article on Metastatic calcification
- Wikipedia's article - Metastatic calcification
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