List of naturally occurring phenethylamines

List of naturally occurring phenethylamines

Overview

Echinopsis pachanoi, a source of mescaline

Phenethylamines are a class of organic compounds that are characterized by a phenethylamine backbone. This structure consists of a phenyl ring attached to an amino group via a two-carbon ethyl chain. Naturally occurring phenethylamines are found in a variety of organisms, including plants, animals, and fungi. These compounds often have significant biological activity and can act as neurotransmitters, hormones, or psychoactive substances.

Biological Significance

Phenethylamines play crucial roles in the central nervous system as neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. Some phenethylamines, such as dopamine and norepinephrine, are essential for normal brain function and are involved in regulating mood, attention, and arousal. Others, like mescaline, are known for their psychoactive properties and have been used in traditional rituals and modern psychopharmacology.

Sources of Naturally Occurring Phenethylamines

Plants

Many plants produce phenethylamines as secondary metabolites. These compounds can serve various ecological functions, such as deterring herbivores or attracting pollinators. Some notable plants that contain phenethylamines include:

• Echinopsis pachanoi: Commonly known as the San Pedro cactus, it contains mescaline, a well-known hallucinogenic compound.
• Acacia species: Several species of Acacia contain phenethylamines like N-methylphenethylamine.
• Ephedra: This plant contains ephedrine, a phenethylamine alkaloid with stimulant properties.

Animals

In animals, phenethylamines are primarily found as neurotransmitters. For example, dopamine and norepinephrine are critical for transmitting signals in the nervous system. These compounds are synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine and are involved in various physiological processes.

Fungi

Certain fungi, particularly those in the genus Psilocybe, produce phenethylamines such as psilocybin, which is structurally related to the phenethylamine backbone and has potent psychoactive effects.

Notable Naturally Occurring Phenethylamines

Mescaline

Mescaline is a naturally occurring psychedelic alkaloid of the phenethylamine class. It is found in several cacti, including the San Pedro cactus and the peyote cactus (Lophophora williamsii). Mescaline is known for its ability to induce altered states of consciousness and has been used in religious ceremonies by indigenous peoples of the Americas.

Dopamine

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays several important roles in the brain and body. It is involved in reward, motivation, memory, attention, and even regulating body movements. Dopamine dysregulation is implicated in various neurological disorders, including Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia.

Norepinephrine

Norepinephrine, also known as noradrenaline, is both a hormone and a neurotransmitter. It is involved in the body's "fight or flight" response and helps regulate blood pressure, heart rate, and glucose metabolism.

Related Pages

• Phenethylamine
• Psychoactive drug
• Neurotransmitter
• Alkaloid