Herbert Spencer

Herbert Spencer (27 April 1820 – 8 December 1903) was an English philosopher, biologist, anthropologist, sociologist, and prominent classical liberal political theorist of the Victorian era.

Early Life and Education

Spencer was born in Derby, England on 27 April 1820. His father, William George Spencer, was a schoolmaster, and his mother, Harriet Spencer, was a devotee of radical causes. Spencer was educated at home by his father and by his uncle, the Reverend Thomas Spencer, who introduced him to experimental science and influenced his early thinking.

Career

Spencer's career spanned a variety of fields, but he is best known for his work in philosophy and sociology. He developed an all-embracing conception of evolution as the progressive development of the physical world, biological organisms, the human mind, and human culture and societies. His major works include Principles of Psychology (1855), Principles of Biology (1864-7), and Principles of Sociology (1876-96).

Contributions to Medicine

While not a physician, Spencer's ideas have had a significant impact on the field of medicine. His concept of "survival of the fittest" has been used to explain the process of natural selection, and his theories on evolution have influenced the study of genetics and heredity.

Death and Legacy

Spencer died on 8 December 1903. His influence declined sharply after his death, but he continues to be recognized as a key figure in the development of the modern concept of evolution.

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  Herbert Spencer

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  Grave of Herbert Spencer

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  Herbert Spencer by John Bagnold Burgess

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  Herbert Spencer

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  Herbert Spencer by John McLure Hamilton