Hemophagocytosis

Hemophagocytosis is a medical condition characterized by the abnormal engulfment and destruction of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets by macrophages. This condition is often associated with severe systemic diseases such as infections, malignancies, and autoimmune disorders.

Causes

Hemophagocytosis can be caused by a variety of conditions, including:

• Infections: Viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections can all trigger hemophagocytosis.
• Malignancies: Certain types of cancer, particularly lymphomas and leukemias, can cause hemophagocytosis.
• Autoimmune disorders: Conditions such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis can lead to hemophagocytosis.
• Genetic disorders: Certain genetic conditions, such as familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, can cause hemophagocytosis.

Symptoms

The symptoms of hemophagocytosis can vary widely, but may include:

• Fever
• Fatigue
• Weight loss
• Enlarged spleen (splenomegaly)
• Enlarged liver (hepatomegaly)
• Anemia
• Thrombocytopenia (low platelet count)
• Neutropenia (low neutrophil count)

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of hemophagocytosis typically involves a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and sometimes, tissue biopsy. The Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) 2004 diagnostic criteria is often used to diagnose this condition.

Treatment

Treatment of hemophagocytosis depends on the underlying cause. It may involve treating the underlying infection, cancer, or autoimmune disorder. In severe cases, immunosuppressive therapy or chemotherapy may be required.

See also

• Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis
• Macrophage Activation Syndrome
• Cytopenia

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