Glia

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Glia

Glia (pronounced: /ˈɡliːə/), also known as glial cells or neuroglia, are non-neuronal cells in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system. They maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons. The term "glia" comes from the Greek word γλία and γλοία, meaning "glue", implying the role of glia in holding the nervous system together.

Etymology

The term "glia" is derived from the Greek word γλία and γλοία, which translates to "glue" in English. This term was first used by the German pathologist Rudolf Virchow in the mid-19th century, reflecting the early belief that these cells functioned as a "glue" to hold neurons in place.

Types of Glial Cells

There are several types of glial cells, each with their own functions:

  • Astrocytes: These star-shaped cells are the most abundant glial cells in the brain and perform many functions, including biochemical support of endothelial cells that form the blood-brain barrier, provision of nutrients to the nervous tissue, and maintenance of extracellular ion balance.
  • Oligodendrocytes: These cells are responsible for the formation of myelin in the central nervous system.
  • Microglia: These are the primary immune cells of the brain, responsible for removing waste and pathogens.
  • Schwann Cells: These cells form the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system.
  • Ependymal Cells: These cells line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord.
  • Satellite Cells: These cells surround neurons in the peripheral nervous system, providing them with structural support and nutrients.

Related Terms

  • Neuron: The primary cellular component of the nervous system, responsible for transmitting information throughout the body.
  • Myelin: A fatty substance that surrounds and insulates the axons of many neurons, increasing the speed at which electrical impulses are transmitted.
  • Blood-brain barrier: A semipermeable barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain and extracellular fluid in the central nervous system.

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