Genetic mapping
Genetic Mapping
Genetic mapping (pronunciation: /dʒɪˈnɛtɪk ˈmæpɪŋ/) is a scientific method used to identify the location of genes on a chromosome. This technique is fundamental in the field of genetics and is used to understand the genetic makeup of organisms, including humans.
Etymology
The term "genetic mapping" is derived from the words "genetic", which comes from the Greek word "genetikos" meaning "genitive" and "mapping" which originates from the Latin word "mappa" meaning "map".
Process
Genetic mapping involves several steps. First, DNA is extracted from cells. Then, the DNA is cut into smaller fragments using restriction enzymes. These fragments are then sorted by size using a process called gel electrophoresis. The sorted DNA fragments are then transferred to a membrane and probed with a radioactive DNA sequence that binds to the gene of interest. The location of this gene can then be determined by looking at the pattern of fragments on the membrane.
Types of Genetic Mapping
There are several types of genetic mapping, including:
- Linkage mapping: This is the oldest type of genetic mapping. It involves studying the recombination frequency between genes during meiosis to determine their relative positions on a chromosome.
- Physical mapping: This type of mapping involves determining the physical location of a gene on a DNA molecule. It is more accurate than linkage mapping but is also more time-consuming and expensive.
- Comparative mapping: This involves comparing the genetic maps of different species to understand their evolutionary relationships.
Applications
Genetic mapping has a wide range of applications. It is used in medical research to identify genes associated with diseases. It is also used in agriculture to improve crop yields and resistance to diseases. In addition, it is used in forensic science to identify individuals or determine paternity.
Related Terms
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