Γ-Amanitin

Γ-Amanitin (Gamma-Amanitin) is a potent and deadly toxin found in several species of mushrooms, most notably within the Amanita genus, such as Amanita phalloides (the death cap mushroom) and Amanita virosa (the destroying angel). It is one of the several amatoxins, a group of bicyclic octapeptides, which are highly toxic to liver and kidney cells.

Structure and Mechanism of Action

Γ-Amanitin consists of a cyclic octapeptide structure that is crucial for its toxic effects. The toxin inhibits RNA polymerase II, a critical enzyme in the synthesis of mRNA in eukaryotic cells. By binding strongly to RNA polymerase II, γ-amanitin effectively halts the transcription process, leading to cell death. This inhibition is highly specific to eukaryotic RNA polymerase II; γ-amanitin has a much lower affinity for RNA polymerase I and III and almost no effect on prokaryotic RNA polymerase, making its action highly specific to eukaryotic organisms.

Toxicity

The toxicity of γ-amanitin is profound, with a very low lethal dose. Ingestion of mushrooms containing γ-amanitin can lead to severe liver and kidney damage, often culminating in organ failure and death if not treated promptly and effectively. Symptoms of poisoning can take 6 to 24 hours to appear and typically include stomach pains, vomiting, and severe diarrhea, eventually leading to dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and reduced urine output as the liver and kidneys begin to fail.

Treatment

There is no specific antidote for γ-amanitin poisoning. Treatment is primarily supportive and aims to reduce the toxin's absorption from the stomach, protect the liver and kidneys from damage, and maintain the body's vital functions. This can include the use of activated charcoal, aggressive hydration, correction of electrolyte imbalances, and in severe cases, the use of liver support systems or liver transplantation.

Epidemiology

Cases of γ-amanitin poisoning are most commonly associated with the ingestion of wild mushrooms mistaken for edible species. Mushroom foraging without proper knowledge can lead to accidental poisoning, with cases reported globally, particularly in regions where mushroom foraging is a common practice.

Prevention

Prevention of γ-amanitin poisoning is primarily through education on the dangers of wild mushroom consumption and the promotion of safe foraging practices. It is advised to only consume mushrooms that have been positively identified as safe by an expert.

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Γ-Amanitin

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  Gamma-Amanitin Structure

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  Gamma-Amanitin 3D Ball-and-Stick Model