Exocarp

Exocarp is the outermost layer of the pericarp of fruits. It forms a protective coating over the fruit's seeds and is often referred to as the fruit's skin or peel. The exocarp can vary greatly in texture and thickness, depending on the type of fruit and its stage of ripeness.

Structure and Function

The exocarp is composed of several layers of cells, which serve various functions. The outermost layer, known as the epidermis, is typically covered with a waxy coating known as the cuticle. This layer helps to prevent water loss and provides a barrier against insects and pathogens.

Beneath the epidermis, there may be additional layers of cells, which can include parenchyma cells, sclerenchyma cells, or collenchyma cells. These cells can provide additional protection, as well as contribute to the color and texture of the fruit.

The exocarp also plays a role in the dispersal of the fruit's seeds. In some fruits, the exocarp is brightly colored or has a strong smell, which can attract animals. These animals eat the fruit and then disperse the seeds in their droppings.

Variations

The structure and characteristics of the exocarp can vary greatly among different types of fruits. For example, in citrus fruits, the exocarp is thick and leathery, while in apples and pears, it is thin and smooth. In bananas, the exocarp is thick and tough, but it becomes soft and easy to peel as the fruit ripens.

In some fruits, such as peaches and plums, the exocarp is covered with a soft, fuzzy coating. This is known as a pubescent exocarp. In other fruits, such as grapes and tomatoes, the exocarp is thin and smooth, and is known as a glabrous exocarp.

See Also

• Endocarp
• Mesocarp
• Pericarp
• Fruit anatomy

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