Demyelinating disease
Demyelinating Disease
Demyelinating disease (pronunciation: de-my-uh-lin-ating disease) is a type of neurological disorder that affects the nervous system.
Etymology
The term "demyelinating" is derived from the Greek words "dys" meaning "bad" or "difficult", and "myelos" meaning "marrow". It refers to the damage or destruction of the myelin sheath, a protective covering that surrounds nerve fibers in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.
Definition
Demyelinating diseases are conditions that damage the myelin sheath, a fatty substance that wraps around nerve fibers to protect them and ensure efficient transmission of electrical signals. This damage slows down or blocks the signal transmission, leading to neurological symptoms such as muscle weakness, impaired coordination, and sensory disturbances.
Types of Demyelinating Diseases
There are several types of demyelinating diseases, including:
- Multiple Sclerosis (MS): This is the most common type of demyelinating disease. It primarily affects the central nervous system and can lead to a wide range of neurological symptoms.
- Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO): Also known as Devic's disease, NMO primarily affects the optic nerves and spinal cord.
- Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM): ADEM is a rare autoimmune disease marked by a sudden, widespread attack of inflammation in the brain and spinal cord.
- Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP): CIDP is a neurological disorder characterized by progressive weakness and impaired sensory function in the legs and arms.
Diagnosis and Treatment
Diagnosis of demyelinating diseases typically involves neurological examination, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and sometimes, a lumbar puncture. Treatment options vary depending on the specific disease and may include medications to control symptoms, physical therapy, and in some cases, immunosuppressive therapy.
Related Terms
- Neurology
- Myelin Sheath
- Central Nervous System
- Peripheral Nervous System
- Autoimmune Disease
- Inflammation
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Lumbar Puncture
External links
- Medical encyclopedia article on Demyelinating disease
- Wikipedia's article - Demyelinating disease
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