Diffuse midline glioma

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Diffuse midline glioma
Synonyms	Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG)
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Headache, nausea, vomiting, balance disorder, vision problems, facial weakness
Complications	N/A
Onset	Typically in childhood
Duration	Progressive
Types	N/A
Causes	Genetic mutations (e.g., H3 K27M mutation)
Risks	Unknown
Diagnosis	MRI, biopsy
Differential diagnosis	Brainstem glioma, ependymoma, medulloblastoma
Prevention	N/A
Treatment	Radiation therapy, chemotherapy, palliative care
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	Poor
Frequency	Rare
Deaths	N/A

Overview of Diffuse Midline Glioma

Diffuse midline glioma (DMG) is a type of brain tumor that occurs in the midline structures of the central nervous system, such as the thalamus, brainstem, and spinal cord. These tumors are characterized by their infiltrative nature, making them difficult to surgically remove. They are most commonly diagnosed in children and are associated with a poor prognosis.

Classification

Diffuse midline gliomas are classified as high-grade gliomas, specifically as World Health Organization (WHO) grade IV tumors. They are often associated with a specific genetic mutation in the H3 K27M gene, which is a hallmark of this tumor type. This mutation leads to changes in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression, contributing to the aggressive nature of the tumor.

Pathophysiology

Genetic mutations associated with diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma.

The pathophysiology of diffuse midline glioma involves the infiltration of tumor cells into the surrounding brain tissue. The H3 K27M mutation results in a global reduction of histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation, which affects the expression of numerous genes involved in cell growth and differentiation. This mutation is thought to drive the oncogenic process in these tumors.

Clinical Presentation

Patients with diffuse midline glioma typically present with symptoms related to the location of the tumor. For example, tumors in the brainstem may cause cranial nerve deficits, ataxia, and dysphagia. Tumors in the thalamus can lead to hemiparesis, sensory deficits, and altered mental status.

Diagnosis

Molecular analysis of pediatric high-grade gliomas.

Diagnosis of diffuse midline glioma is typically made using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which reveals a diffusely infiltrative lesion in the midline structures. Biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis and identify the presence of the H3 K27M mutation.

Treatment

The treatment of diffuse midline glioma is challenging due to the tumor's location and infiltrative nature. Radiation therapy is the mainstay of treatment and can provide temporary relief of symptoms. However, the tumor often recurs, and the overall prognosis remains poor. Chemotherapy has limited effectiveness, and research is ongoing to find more effective treatments.

Prognosis

The prognosis for patients with diffuse midline glioma is generally poor, with a median survival of less than one year from diagnosis. The presence of the H3 K27M mutation is associated with a particularly aggressive clinical course.

Research Directions

Research into palliative care options for patients with diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma.

Research into diffuse midline glioma is focused on understanding the molecular mechanisms driving tumor growth and identifying potential therapeutic targets. Novel treatment approaches, including targeted therapies and immunotherapy, are being investigated in clinical trials.

See also

• Glioma
• Brain tumor
• Pediatric oncology
• Radiation therapy