Connexins
Connexins
Connexins (/kɒˈnɛksɪnz/), also known as gap junction proteins, are a family of structurally related transmembrane proteins that assemble to form gap junction channels. These channels facilitate direct intercellular communication, allowing for the transfer of ions and small molecules between adjacent cells.
Etymology
The term "connexin" is derived from the word "connection". It was first used in the late 20th century to describe the proteins that form the gap junction channels, which connect adjacent cells.
Structure and Function
Connexins are integral membrane proteins that consist of four transmembrane domains, two extracellular loops, a cytoplasmic loop, and cytoplasmic N- and C-termini. Six connexin proteins come together to form a hemichannel, or connexon. Two connexons from adjacent cells align to create a gap junction channel.
Connexins play a crucial role in many physiological processes, including cell communication, cell differentiation, cell growth, and tissue homeostasis. They are expressed in virtually all tissues of the body, with different types of cells expressing different types of connexins.
Related Terms
- Gap junction: A specialized intercellular connection that directly connects the cytoplasm of two cells.
- Hemichannel: A half of a gap junction channel, composed of six connexin proteins.
- Cell communication: The process through which cells can detect and respond to signals in their environment.
- Cell differentiation: The process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type.
- Cell growth: The process by which cells increase in size and number.
- Tissue homeostasis: The maintenance of stable conditions in tissues.
External links
- Medical encyclopedia article on Connexins
- Wikipedia's article - Connexins
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