Blackwater fever

Blackwater fever
Synonyms	Febris haemoglobinurica
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Hemoglobinuria, fever, jaundice, anemia
Complications	Kidney failure, shock
Onset	Sudden
Duration	Variable
Types	N/A
Causes	Complication of malaria
Risks	Plasmodium falciparum infection, quinine treatment
Diagnosis	Blood test, urinalysis
Differential diagnosis	Malaria, yellow fever, leptospirosis
Prevention	Malaria prophylaxis, avoiding quinine
Treatment	Supportive care, dialysis if needed
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	Variable, can be severe
Frequency	Rare
Deaths	N/A

Blackwater fever is a severe form of malaria, characterized by the passage of dark or black urine. The disease is most commonly associated with infections of the Plasmodium falciparum species of malaria parasite.

Etiology

Blackwater fever is caused by a heavy infestation of the Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite. The disease is often associated with the use of quinine, an antimalarial drug, although the exact relationship between quinine use and the development of blackwater fever remains unclear.

Symptoms

The primary symptom of blackwater fever is the passage of dark or black urine, hence the name of the disease. Other symptoms can include jaundice, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever. In severe cases, the disease can lead to kidney failure, anemia, or death.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of blackwater fever is based on the presence of the characteristic dark urine, along with other symptoms of malaria. Laboratory tests can confirm the presence of the Plasmodium falciparum parasite in the blood.

Treatment

Treatment for blackwater fever involves the use of antimalarial drugs, such as artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs). In severe cases, hospitalization may be required for supportive care and monitoring.

Epidemiology

Blackwater fever is most common in sub-Saharan Africa, where the majority of Plasmodium falciparum infections occur. However, the disease can occur anywhere that malaria is endemic.

Prevention

Prevention of blackwater fever involves the same measures used to prevent malaria, including the use of insecticide-treated bed nets, indoor residual spraying, and antimalarial drugs.

See also

• Malaria
• Plasmodium falciparum
• Quinine
• Artemisinin