Atman

Atman (Sanskrit: आत्मन्) is a fundamental concept in Hindu philosophy, particularly in the Vedanta school, where it is recognized as the innermost essence or soul of an individual. Atman is central to the understanding of human identity and consciousness, and is considered eternal and beyond the physical existence.

Etymology and Definitions

The term "Atman" derives from the Sanskrit root ātma, which means 'essence', 'breath', or 'self'. In the broadest sense, Atman refers to the vital force or the inner self that is the essence of an individual. It is often translated into English as 'soul' or 'self'.

Philosophical Context

In Hinduism, Atman is a key concept that reflects the idea of eternal self. It is discussed extensively in various Upanishads, where it is described as identical with Brahman, the universal spirit. This identity is encapsulated in the famous phrase "Tat Tvam Asi" (That Thou Art), found in the Chandogya Upanishad.

1. 1. 1. Advaita Vedanta###

In Advaita Vedanta, a non-dualistic school of Hindu philosophy led by Adi Shankara, Atman is considered fundamentally indistinguishable from Brahman. The school holds that the realization of the identity of Atman and Brahman is the means to achieve Moksha (liberation).

1. 1. 1. Dvaita and Other Schools###

Contrastingly, in Dvaita Vedanta, founded by Madhvacharya, Atman and Brahman are distinct, where Brahman is the supreme, universal spirit and Atman is the individual self. Other schools like Vishishtadvaita Vedanta by Ramanuja strike a middle ground, proposing a qualified non-dualism where Atman is part of Brahman but also distinct.

Atman in Other Dharmic Religions

The concept of Atman is also present, with variations, in other Dharmic religions such as Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism. In Buddhism, the concept of self is analyzed and refuted in the doctrine of Anatta, which stands in contrast to the Hindu concept of Atman. Jainism also provides a unique perspective on the soul, emphasizing its potential for purification and ultimate liberation.

Philosophical and Religious Implications

The understanding of Atman affects various aspects of Hindu spirituality, including ethics, meditation, and the path to enlightenment. It is believed that understanding one's Atman is essential to spiritual development and liberation.

See Also

• Brahman
• Moksha
• Upanishads
• Samsara