Anogenital distance

Anogenital distance

Anogenital distance (AGD) is a measure of the distance from the anus to the genitals. This distance is typically used in scientific research as a marker of endocrine disruption and sexual dimorphism. The AGD is generally longer in males than in females, and variations in this distance have been linked to fertility and other health outcomes.

Measurement

The anogenital distance is measured from the center of the anus to the base of the penis in males, and from the center of the anus to the posterior fourchette (the rear edge of the vaginal opening) in females. This measurement is typically taken shortly after birth and can be used to predict the sex of the offspring in many mammalian species.

Sexual Dimorphism

In many mammalian species, including humans, the anogenital distance is sexually dimorphic. This means that there is a significant difference in this measurement between males and females. The AGD is typically longer in males than in females, and this difference is thought to be due to the effects of androgens (male sex hormones) during fetal development.

Endocrine Disruption

Changes in the anogenital distance have been linked to exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). These chemicals can interfere with the body's endocrine system and produce adverse developmental, reproductive, neurological, and immune effects. Studies have shown that exposure to certain EDCs during pregnancy can lead to a shorter AGD in male offspring, which may be associated with fertility issues later in life.

Health Outcomes

Research has suggested that the anogenital distance may be linked to a variety of health outcomes. For example, a shorter AGD in males has been associated with lower sperm counts and reduced fertility. In females, a longer AGD has been linked to an increased likelihood of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

See Also

• Endocrine system
• Sexual dimorphism
• Androgens
• Polycystic ovary syndrome

References

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