Ātman (Hinduism)

Purusha-Pakriti

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Ātman (Sanskrit: आत्मन्) in Hinduism is a complex and key concept, referring to the inner self or soul. It is central to the understanding of human nature and the quest for ultimate knowledge and liberation (moksha). The concept of Ātman is foundational to various Hindu philosophical systems, including Vedanta, Samkhya, and Yoga, each interpreting it in its own way.

Etymology and Definitions

The term Ātman, deriving from the Sanskrit root ātma, which means essence, breath, or self, signifies the innermost essence of an individual, beyond the physical or empirical self. It is considered eternal, unchangeable, and identical with the essence of the universe, known as Brahman.

Philosophical Interpretations

1. 1. 1. Vedanta###

In Vedanta, Ātman is often equated with Brahman, highlighting a non-dualistic perspective where the individual soul and the universal essence are one and the same. This is most prominently discussed in Advaita Vedanta, where the realization of the identity of Ātman and Brahman is seen as the path to liberation.

1. 1. 1. Samkhya###

Contrastingly, the Samkhya philosophy maintains a dualistic view, distinguishing between Purusha (pure consciousness) and Prakriti (matter), with Ātman being synonymous with Purusha. Liberation, in this context, is achieved through the discrimination between the two.

1. 1. 1. Yoga###

In Yoga, the concept of Ātman is closely linked with the practice of meditation and ethical living as means to realize the true self. The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali describe the process of inner purification to unveil the Ātman.

Scriptural References

Ātman is a recurrent theme in Hindu scriptures, including the Upanishads, which are often referred to as Vedanta, meaning the end or culmination of the Vedas. The Bhagavad Gita also discusses the nature of Ātman, emphasizing its immortality and urging the seeker to recognize Ātman's presence within all beings.

Ātman and Ethics

Understanding the nature of Ātman has ethical implications in Hinduism. Recognizing the divine essence within oneself and others fosters a sense of universal brotherhood, compassion, and non-violence. The realization of Ātman is seen as leading to a life of righteousness and moral integrity.

Modern Interpretations and Influence

The concept of Ātman has been interpreted and reinterpreted over the centuries, influencing not only various schools of Hindu thought but also making its mark on Western spirituality and philosophy. It continues to be a subject of study and contemplation, reflecting the universal quest for self-knowledge and liberation.

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