Lower respiratory tract infection

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Lower respiratory tract infection
Synonyms	N/A
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Cough, fever, shortness of breath, chest pain
Complications	Respiratory failure, sepsis, lung abscess
Onset	Rapid
Duration	Varies
Types	N/A
Causes	Bacteria, viruses, fungi
Risks	Smoking, immunosuppression, chronic lung disease
Diagnosis	Chest X-ray, sputum culture, blood tests
Differential diagnosis	Upper respiratory tract infection, asthma, pulmonary embolism
Prevention	Vaccination, hand hygiene, smoking cessation
Treatment	Antibiotics, antiviral drugs, supportive care
Medication	Amoxicillin, oseltamivir, corticosteroids
Prognosis	Generally good with treatment, but varies
Frequency	Common
Deaths	Significant worldwide, especially in vulnerable populations

Lower respiratory infections world map - DALY - WHO 2004

Lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) is a term often used to describe infections that affect the components of the respiratory system located below the level of the larynx. This includes the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs. LRTIs are typically more serious than upper respiratory tract infections, as they can lead to conditions such as pneumonia, bronchitis, and tuberculosis.

Causes

LRTIs are usually caused by viruses, but they can also be caused by bacterial infections. The most common viral causes are influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and rhinovirus. Bacterial causes often include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae.

Symptoms

Symptoms of LRTIs can vary depending on the specific infection, but they often include a persistent cough, difficulty breathing, wheezing, chest pain, and fever. In severe cases, symptoms may also include rapid breathing, bluish skin color, and confusion.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of LRTIs typically involves a physical examination and a review of the patient's medical history. In some cases, additional tests such as a chest X-ray, sputum culture, or blood test may be required.

Treatment

Treatment for LRTIs depends on the cause of the infection. Viral infections are usually treated with rest, hydration, and over-the-counter medications to manage symptoms. Bacterial infections may require antibiotics. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary.

Prevention

Prevention of LRTIs involves maintaining a healthy immune system through a balanced diet, regular exercise, and adequate sleep. Vaccinations against certain types of pneumonia and influenza can also help prevent these infections.

See also

• Upper respiratory tract infection
• Pneumonia
• Bronchitis
• Tuberculosis

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