Methanol toxicity

Methanol toxicity is a form of poisoning that occurs when the body is exposed to excessive amounts of methanol, a simple alcohol commonly used in industrial and automotive applications. Methanol is toxic due to its metabolic products, formaldehyde and formic acid, which can cause severe metabolic acidosis, neurological dysfunction, and blindness.

Causes

Methanol toxicity can occur through ingestion, inhalation, or skin absorption. The most common cause is accidental or intentional ingestion of methanol-containing substances, such as antifreeze, windshield washer fluid, and certain types of paint thinner and solvents.

Symptoms

The symptoms of methanol toxicity can be divided into early and late stages. Early symptoms, which can occur within a few hours of exposure, include headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Late symptoms, which can occur 12 to 24 hours after exposure, include blurred vision, photophobia, coma, and seizures.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of methanol toxicity is based on a combination of clinical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests. The most important laboratory test is the measurement of serum methanol concentration. Other useful tests include arterial blood gas analysis, serum electrolyte measurement, and lactate level.

Treatment

The treatment of methanol toxicity involves supportive care, antidote therapy, and in severe cases, hemodialysis. The antidote for methanol toxicity is fomepizole or ethanol, which works by inhibiting the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase, thereby preventing the formation of toxic metabolites.

Prognosis

The prognosis of methanol toxicity depends on the amount of methanol ingested, the time elapsed before treatment, and the presence of complications. With prompt and appropriate treatment, the prognosis can be good. However, severe cases can result in permanent neurological damage or death.

Prevention

Prevention of methanol toxicity involves proper storage and labeling of methanol-containing substances, education about the dangers of methanol ingestion, and prompt treatment of suspected cases.

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