Atman

Atman (Sanskrit: आत्मन्) is a term used in Hindu philosophy, particularly in the Vedanta school, to refer to the inner self or soul. It is considered the essence of an individual that is eternal, unchangeable, and identical with the ultimate reality known as Brahman. The concept of Atman is central to Hindu identity and spirituality, and it is explored in various Hindu scriptures, including the Upanishads, where it is often discussed in the context of its relationship with Brahman.

Etymology and Definitions

The word Atman, derived from the Sanskrit root ātma, which means "essence" or "breath", has been translated into English as "self", "soul", or "spirit". In the Upanishads, Atman is described as the innermost essence of an individual, beyond the physical and mental layers that constitute the temporary aspects of one's being.

Philosophical Context

In the philosophical discourse of Hinduism, particularly within the Advaita Vedanta tradition, Atman is considered to be of the same nature as Brahman, the ultimate reality that is infinite, eternal, and beyond the dualities of the phenomenal world. This non-dualistic perspective posits that the realization of the identity of Atman and Brahman is the goal of spiritual pursuit, leading to Moksha (liberation) or self-realization.

Atman in Hindu Scriptures

The concept of Atman is extensively discussed in the ancient Hindu scriptures known as the Upanishads. Key texts such as the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad and the Chandogya Upanishad explore the nature of Atman and its relationship with the external world and Brahman. The famous declaration "Tat Tvam Asi" (That Thou Art) from the Chandogya Upanishad encapsulates the idea that the individual soul (Atman) and the universal soul (Brahman) are one.

Atman and the Bhagavad Gita

The Bhagavad Gita, another key text in Hindu philosophy, discusses the concept of Atman in the context of duty, action, and the path to liberation. Lord Krishna, in his discourse to Arjuna, emphasizes the imperishable nature of the Atman and advises Arjuna to perform his duty without attachment, recognizing that the true self is beyond birth and death.

Atman in Other Dharmic Religions

The concept of Atman is not exclusive to Hinduism and appears in other Dharmic religions with varying interpretations. In Buddhism, the notion of an eternal, unchanging self is rejected in favor of Anatta (not-self), which asserts the absence of a permanent soul. Jainism, on the other hand, has a concept similar to Atman known as Jiva, which represents the soul or life force of living beings.

Contemporary Interpretations

In modern times, the concept of Atman has been interpreted and incorporated into various philosophical, psychological, and spiritual discourses. It is often discussed in the context of self-awareness, consciousness, and the pursuit of inner peace and enlightenment.

Conclusion

The concept of Atman remains a fundamental aspect of Hindu philosophy and spirituality, offering a profound understanding of the nature of self and its relationship with the universe. Its exploration in Hindu scriptures and its impact on other Dharmic traditions highlight its significance in the broader context of Indian religious thought.

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