Neonicotinoid

Neonicotinoids are a class of neuro-active insecticides chemically similar to nicotine. In the 1980s Shell and in the 1990s Bayer started work on their development. The neonicotinoid family includes acetamiprid, clothianidin, imidacloprid, nitenpyram, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Imidacloprid is the most widely used insecticide in the world. Compared to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides, neonicotinoids cause less toxicity in birds and mammals than insects. Some breakdown products are also active and neonicotinoids have been widely used in the past.

History

Neonicotinoids were developed in the 1980s and 1990s by Shell and Bayer to replace more harmful insecticides that were causing damage to the environment and wildlife. The first neonicotinoid, imidacloprid, was launched in 1991.

Mechanism of action

Neonicotinoids are systemic insecticides that are absorbed by the plant and transported around the plant's system. They act on the central nervous system of insects, causing paralysis and death. They bind to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in the insect's nervous system, causing the insect's nerves to fire continually until they fail.

Environmental impact

Neonicotinoids have been found to have a negative impact on the environment, particularly on bees and other pollinators. They have been linked to a decline in bee populations and have been banned in the European Union and Canada for this reason.

Health effects

While neonicotinoids are less toxic to mammals and birds than other insecticides, they can still have harmful effects. They can cause skin and eye irritation, and prolonged exposure can lead to respiratory problems.

Regulation

Due to their harmful effects on bees and other pollinators, neonicotinoids have been banned in the European Union and Canada. Other countries, including the United States, have also considered bans or restrictions on their use.

See also

• Insecticide
• Nicotine
• Bayer
• Shell
• European Union
• Canada

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