3D modeling

Process of developing a mathematical representation of any surface of an object in three dimensions

3D modeling is the process of developing a mathematical representation of any surface of an object in three dimensions via specialized software. The product is called a 3D model. It can be displayed as a two-dimensional image through a process called 3D rendering or used in a computer simulation of physical phenomena. The model can also be physically created using 3D printing devices.

History

The origins of 3D modeling can be traced back to the 1960s when the first computer graphics were developed. Early pioneers in the field included Ivan Sutherland, who created the Sketchpad program, and the development of the Utah teapot, a standard reference object in computer graphics.

Applications

3D modeling is used in a wide range of fields, including architecture, engineering, entertainment, and medicine. In architecture, it is used to create digital representations of buildings. In engineering, it is used to design parts and assemblies. In entertainment, it is used to create characters and environments for video games and animated films. In medicine, 3D models are used for surgical planning and prosthetics.

Techniques

There are several techniques used in 3D modeling:

• Polygonal modeling: This technique uses polygons to create a 3D model. It is the most common method and is used in most 3D applications.
• NURBS modeling: Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines (NURBS) are used to create smooth surfaces. This technique is often used in automotive and aerospace industries.
• Digital sculpting: This technique allows for the creation of highly detailed models by manipulating a digital "clay".
• Procedural modeling: This technique uses algorithms to automatically generate 3D models.

Software

There are many software applications available for 3D modeling, ranging from free and open-source programs like Blender to professional-grade software like Maya and 3ds Max.

3D Model Formats

3D models can be saved in various file formats, each with its own advantages and limitations. Common formats include:

• OBJ: A simple format that supports geometry and texture.
• FBX: A format that supports complex data, including animations.
• STL: A format commonly used for 3D printing.

Gallery

• 
  An early concept design of the ERIS instrument.
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  A low-poly hand-painted 3D house.
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  A Fantasitron photo booth for 3D scanning.
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  The Utah teapot, a standard reference object.
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  A 3D fantasy fish model.
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  Dynamic 3D clothing model.
• 
  Steps of forensic facial reconstruction.

Related pages

• 3D rendering
• 3D printing
• Computer-aided design
• Virtual reality