Enterovirus D

Overview of Enterovirus D68

Overview

Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is a member of the Picornaviridae family, which includes other notable viruses such as poliovirus and rhinovirus. EV-D68 is a non-enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus that primarily affects the respiratory system. It was first identified in 1962 in California, United States.

Virology

EV-D68 is classified within the species Enterovirus D, which is part of the genus Enterovirus. The virus is characterized by its small, icosahedral structure and its ability to survive in acidic environments, a common trait among enteroviruses. The genome of EV-D68 is approximately 7,500 nucleotides in length and encodes a single polyprotein that is cleaved into structural and non-structural proteins.

Transmission

The primary mode of transmission for EV-D68 is through respiratory secretions, such as saliva, nasal mucus, or sputum. The virus can spread from person to person via close contact, coughing, or sneezing. It can also be transmitted by touching surfaces contaminated with the virus and then touching the face.

Clinical Manifestations

EV-D68 infections can range from mild respiratory illness to severe respiratory distress. Common symptoms include fever, runny nose, sneezing, cough, and muscle aches. In severe cases, particularly in children and individuals with asthma, EV-D68 can lead to wheezing and difficulty breathing.

Epidemiology

EV-D68 has been associated with outbreaks of respiratory illness worldwide. Notably, in 2014, a large outbreak occurred in the United States, leading to increased hospitalizations and cases of severe respiratory illness. The virus tends to circulate in late summer and early fall, similar to other enteroviruses.

Prevention and Control

Currently, there is no specific antiviral treatment or vaccine for EV-D68. Preventive measures include practicing good hand hygiene, avoiding close contact with infected individuals, and cleaning frequently touched surfaces. Public health measures during outbreaks focus on surveillance and supportive care for affected individuals.

Research

Ongoing research aims to better understand the pathogenesis of EV-D68, its epidemiology, and potential therapeutic interventions. Studies are also exploring the genetic diversity of the virus and its evolution over time.

Images

Electron micrograph of Enterovirus D68

Related pages

• Enterovirus
• Picornaviridae
• Respiratory illness
• Viral infection