Pathophysiology of asthma: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox medical condition | |||
| name = Pathophysiology of asthma | |||
| image = [[File:Asthma_attack-illustration_NIH.jpg|250px]] | |||
| caption = Illustration of an asthma attack | |||
| field = [[Pulmonology]] | |||
| symptoms = [[Wheezing]], [[shortness of breath]], [[chest tightness]], [[coughing]] | |||
| complications = [[Respiratory failure]], [[status asthmaticus]] | |||
| onset = Often in [[childhood]] | |||
| duration = [[Chronic condition|Chronic]] | |||
| causes = [[Genetic predisposition]], [[environmental factors]] | |||
| risks = [[Allergies]], [[air pollution]], [[respiratory infections]] | |||
| diagnosis = [[Spirometry]], [[peak flow measurement]] | |||
| differential = [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]], [[vocal cord dysfunction]] | |||
| treatment = [[Inhaled corticosteroids]], [[beta-agonists]], [[leukotriene modifiers]] | |||
| frequency = Affects approximately 300 million people worldwide | |||
}} | |||
{{Short description|Overview of the pathophysiology of asthma}} | {{Short description|Overview of the pathophysiology of asthma}} | ||
The '''pathophysiology of asthma''' involves complex interactions between genetic predispositions and environmental factors, leading to chronic inflammation of the airways. This inflammation results in airway hyperresponsiveness, airflow obstruction, and characteristic symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. | The '''pathophysiology of asthma''' involves complex interactions between genetic predispositions and environmental factors, leading to chronic inflammation of the airways. This inflammation results in airway hyperresponsiveness, airflow obstruction, and characteristic symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. | ||
==Airway Inflammation== | ==Airway Inflammation== | ||
Asthma is primarily characterized by inflammation of the airways. This inflammation is driven by a variety of immune cells, including [[eosinophils]], [[mast cells]], [[T lymphocytes]], and [[macrophages]]. These cells release inflammatory mediators such as [[cytokines]], [[leukotrienes]], and [[histamine]], which contribute to the inflammatory process. | Asthma is primarily characterized by inflammation of the airways. This inflammation is driven by a variety of immune cells, including [[eosinophils]], [[mast cells]], [[T lymphocytes]], and [[macrophages]]. These cells release inflammatory mediators such as [[cytokines]], [[leukotrienes]], and [[histamine]], which contribute to the inflammatory process. | ||
===Role of Eosinophils=== | ===Role of Eosinophils=== | ||
Eosinophils are a key component in the inflammatory response in asthma. They release toxic granules and cytokines that damage the airway epithelium and perpetuate inflammation. The presence of eosinophils in the airways is a hallmark of allergic asthma. | Eosinophils are a key component in the inflammatory response in asthma. They release toxic granules and cytokines that damage the airway epithelium and perpetuate inflammation. The presence of eosinophils in the airways is a hallmark of allergic asthma. | ||
===Mast Cells and Histamine Release=== | ===Mast Cells and Histamine Release=== | ||
[[Mast cells]] are activated in response to allergens and release histamine, which causes bronchoconstriction, increased mucus production, and further recruitment of inflammatory cells. | [[Mast cells]] are activated in response to allergens and release histamine, which causes bronchoconstriction, increased mucus production, and further recruitment of inflammatory cells. | ||
==Airway Remodeling== | ==Airway Remodeling== | ||
[[File:Asthma_before-after-en.svg|Diagram showing airway changes in asthma|thumb | [[File:Asthma_before-after-en.svg|Diagram showing airway changes in asthma|left|thumb]] | ||
Chronic inflammation in asthma leads to structural changes in the airways, a process known as airway remodeling. This includes thickening of the airway walls, increased smooth muscle mass, and subepithelial fibrosis. These changes contribute to the persistent nature of asthma and can lead to irreversible airflow obstruction over time. | Chronic inflammation in asthma leads to structural changes in the airways, a process known as airway remodeling. This includes thickening of the airway walls, increased smooth muscle mass, and subepithelial fibrosis. These changes contribute to the persistent nature of asthma and can lead to irreversible airflow obstruction over time. | ||
==Airway Hyperresponsiveness== | ==Airway Hyperresponsiveness== | ||
Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) is a characteristic feature of asthma, where the airways are overly sensitive to various stimuli such as allergens, cold air, and exercise. This hyperresponsiveness is due to the heightened state of inflammation and the structural changes in the airways. | Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) is a characteristic feature of asthma, where the airways are overly sensitive to various stimuli such as allergens, cold air, and exercise. This hyperresponsiveness is due to the heightened state of inflammation and the structural changes in the airways. | ||
==Bronchoconstriction== | ==Bronchoconstriction== | ||
[[File:Asthma_.jpg|Bronchoconstriction in asthma|thumb | [[File:Asthma_.jpg|Bronchoconstriction in asthma|left|thumb]] | ||
Bronchoconstriction is the narrowing of the airways due to contraction of the bronchial smooth muscle. It is a major cause of the acute symptoms of asthma and is triggered by exposure to allergens, irritants, or physical activity. | Bronchoconstriction is the narrowing of the airways due to contraction of the bronchial smooth muscle. It is a major cause of the acute symptoms of asthma and is triggered by exposure to allergens, irritants, or physical activity. | ||
==Mucus Hypersecretion== | ==Mucus Hypersecretion== | ||
In asthma, there is an overproduction of mucus by the goblet cells in the airway epithelium. This mucus can obstruct the airways and exacerbate breathing difficulties during an asthma attack. | In asthma, there is an overproduction of mucus by the goblet cells in the airway epithelium. This mucus can obstruct the airways and exacerbate breathing difficulties during an asthma attack. | ||
==Genetic and Environmental Factors== | ==Genetic and Environmental Factors== | ||
Asthma is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Genetic predispositions can affect immune responses and airway structure, while environmental factors such as allergens, pollution, and respiratory infections can trigger and exacerbate asthma symptoms. | Asthma is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Genetic predispositions can affect immune responses and airway structure, while environmental factors such as allergens, pollution, and respiratory infections can trigger and exacerbate asthma symptoms. | ||
==See also== | |||
== | |||
* [[Asthma]] | * [[Asthma]] | ||
* [[Allergy]] | * [[Allergy]] | ||
* [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] | * [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] | ||
* [[Respiratory system]] | * [[Respiratory system]] | ||
[[File:2311_Lung_Tissue.jpg|Lung tissue affected by asthma|left|thumb]] | |||
[[File:2311_Lung_Tissue.jpg|Lung tissue affected by asthma|thumb | |||
[[Category:Asthma]] | [[Category:Asthma]] | ||
[[Category:Respiratory diseases]] | [[Category:Respiratory diseases]] | ||
[[Category:Pathophysiology]] | [[Category:Pathophysiology]] | ||
Revision as of 12:47, 12 April 2025
Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
Founder, WikiMD Wellnesspedia &
W8MD medical weight loss NYC and sleep center NYC
| Pathophysiology of asthma | |
|---|---|
| |
| Synonyms | N/A |
| Pronounce | N/A |
| Specialty | N/A |
| Symptoms | Wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, coughing |
| Complications | Respiratory failure, status asthmaticus |
| Onset | Often in childhood |
| Duration | Chronic |
| Types | N/A |
| Causes | Genetic predisposition, environmental factors |
| Risks | Allergies, air pollution, respiratory infections |
| Diagnosis | Spirometry, peak flow measurement |
| Differential diagnosis | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, vocal cord dysfunction |
| Prevention | N/A |
| Treatment | Inhaled corticosteroids, beta-agonists, leukotriene modifiers |
| Medication | N/A |
| Prognosis | N/A |
| Frequency | Affects approximately 300 million people worldwide |
| Deaths | N/A |
Overview of the pathophysiology of asthma
The pathophysiology of asthma involves complex interactions between genetic predispositions and environmental factors, leading to chronic inflammation of the airways. This inflammation results in airway hyperresponsiveness, airflow obstruction, and characteristic symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath.
Airway Inflammation
Asthma is primarily characterized by inflammation of the airways. This inflammation is driven by a variety of immune cells, including eosinophils, mast cells, T lymphocytes, and macrophages. These cells release inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, leukotrienes, and histamine, which contribute to the inflammatory process.
Role of Eosinophils
Eosinophils are a key component in the inflammatory response in asthma. They release toxic granules and cytokines that damage the airway epithelium and perpetuate inflammation. The presence of eosinophils in the airways is a hallmark of allergic asthma.
Mast Cells and Histamine Release
Mast cells are activated in response to allergens and release histamine, which causes bronchoconstriction, increased mucus production, and further recruitment of inflammatory cells.
Airway Remodeling
Chronic inflammation in asthma leads to structural changes in the airways, a process known as airway remodeling. This includes thickening of the airway walls, increased smooth muscle mass, and subepithelial fibrosis. These changes contribute to the persistent nature of asthma and can lead to irreversible airflow obstruction over time.
Airway Hyperresponsiveness
Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) is a characteristic feature of asthma, where the airways are overly sensitive to various stimuli such as allergens, cold air, and exercise. This hyperresponsiveness is due to the heightened state of inflammation and the structural changes in the airways.
Bronchoconstriction
Bronchoconstriction is the narrowing of the airways due to contraction of the bronchial smooth muscle. It is a major cause of the acute symptoms of asthma and is triggered by exposure to allergens, irritants, or physical activity.
Mucus Hypersecretion
In asthma, there is an overproduction of mucus by the goblet cells in the airway epithelium. This mucus can obstruct the airways and exacerbate breathing difficulties during an asthma attack.
Genetic and Environmental Factors
Asthma is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Genetic predispositions can affect immune responses and airway structure, while environmental factors such as allergens, pollution, and respiratory infections can trigger and exacerbate asthma symptoms.
See also
