One and a half syndrome: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox medical condition | |||
| name = One and a half syndrome | |||
| image = [[File:OHS_Diagram.jpg|250px]] | |||
| caption = Diagram illustrating the eye movement abnormalities in one and a half syndrome | |||
| field = [[Neurology]] | |||
| symptoms = [[Horizontal gaze palsy]], [[internuclear ophthalmoplegia]] | |||
| complications = [[Diplopia]], [[nystagmus]] | |||
| onset = Sudden | |||
| duration = Variable | |||
| causes = [[Pontine stroke]], [[multiple sclerosis]], [[brainstem tumor]] | |||
| risks = [[Hypertension]], [[diabetes mellitus]], [[smoking]] | |||
| diagnosis = [[Clinical examination]], [[MRI]] | |||
| differential = [[Internuclear ophthalmoplegia]], [[sixth nerve palsy]] | |||
| treatment = [[Physical therapy]], [[prism glasses]], [[botulinum toxin]] | |||
| prognosis = Variable, depends on underlying cause | |||
| frequency = Rare | |||
}} | |||
[[File:One_and_a_half_syndrome.svg|SVG representation of the one and a half syndrome.|left|thumb]] | |||
[[File:SITU_Fabrication_(12466).jpg|Image related to the fabrication process in a medical context.|left|thumb]] | |||
'''One and a Half Syndrome''' is a rare neurological condition characterized by a combination of [[ocular dysmetria]] and [[internuclear ophthalmoplegia]]. It is caused by a lesion in the [[paramedian pontine reticular formation]] and the [[medial longitudinal fasciculus]] on the same side of the brain. | '''One and a Half Syndrome''' is a rare neurological condition characterized by a combination of [[ocular dysmetria]] and [[internuclear ophthalmoplegia]]. It is caused by a lesion in the [[paramedian pontine reticular formation]] and the [[medial longitudinal fasciculus]] on the same side of the brain. | ||
==Etiology== | ==Etiology== | ||
The most common cause of One and a Half Syndrome is a [[stroke]], specifically a [[brainstem stroke]]. Other causes can include [[multiple sclerosis]], [[brain tumor]], [[brain abscess]], and [[neurodegenerative diseases]]. | The most common cause of One and a Half Syndrome is a [[stroke]], specifically a [[brainstem stroke]]. Other causes can include [[multiple sclerosis]], [[brain tumor]], [[brain abscess]], and [[neurodegenerative diseases]]. | ||
==Clinical Presentation== | ==Clinical Presentation== | ||
Patients with One and a Half Syndrome present with a unique set of ocular motility disturbances. They have a horizontal [[gaze palsy]] in one direction and an [[internuclear ophthalmoplegia]] (INO) in the other direction. This means they are unable to move the eye on the side of the lesion horizontally (either medially or laterally), and they have a limited ability to adduct the eye on the opposite side during lateral gaze. | Patients with One and a Half Syndrome present with a unique set of ocular motility disturbances. They have a horizontal [[gaze palsy]] in one direction and an [[internuclear ophthalmoplegia]] (INO) in the other direction. This means they are unable to move the eye on the side of the lesion horizontally (either medially or laterally), and they have a limited ability to adduct the eye on the opposite side during lateral gaze. | ||
==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
Diagnosis of One and a Half Syndrome is primarily clinical, based on the characteristic ocular motility disturbances. [[Magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI) can be used to confirm the diagnosis and identify the underlying cause. | Diagnosis of One and a Half Syndrome is primarily clinical, based on the characteristic ocular motility disturbances. [[Magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI) can be used to confirm the diagnosis and identify the underlying cause. | ||
==Treatment== | ==Treatment== | ||
Treatment of One and a Half Syndrome is primarily aimed at managing the underlying cause. This may involve [[anticoagulation therapy]] for stroke, [[immunomodulatory therapy]] for multiple sclerosis, or [[surgery]] for brain tumors or abscesses. | Treatment of One and a Half Syndrome is primarily aimed at managing the underlying cause. This may involve [[anticoagulation therapy]] for stroke, [[immunomodulatory therapy]] for multiple sclerosis, or [[surgery]] for brain tumors or abscesses. | ||
==Prognosis== | ==Prognosis== | ||
The prognosis of One and a Half Syndrome varies depending on the underlying cause. In cases caused by stroke, some improvement may be seen over time with appropriate therapy. In cases caused by neurodegenerative diseases, the condition may be progressive. | The prognosis of One and a Half Syndrome varies depending on the underlying cause. In cases caused by stroke, some improvement may be seen over time with appropriate therapy. In cases caused by neurodegenerative diseases, the condition may be progressive. | ||
[[Category:Neurological disorders]] | [[Category:Neurological disorders]] | ||
[[Category:Eye disorders]] | [[Category:Eye disorders]] | ||
[[Category:Rare diseases]] | [[Category:Rare diseases]] | ||
{{stub}} | {{stub}} | ||
Latest revision as of 22:15, 9 April 2025
Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
Founder, WikiMD Wellnesspedia &
W8MD medical weight loss NYC and sleep center NYC
| One and a half syndrome | |
|---|---|
| |
| Synonyms | N/A |
| Pronounce | N/A |
| Specialty | N/A |
| Symptoms | Horizontal gaze palsy, internuclear ophthalmoplegia |
| Complications | Diplopia, nystagmus |
| Onset | Sudden |
| Duration | Variable |
| Types | N/A |
| Causes | Pontine stroke, multiple sclerosis, brainstem tumor |
| Risks | Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking |
| Diagnosis | Clinical examination, MRI |
| Differential diagnosis | Internuclear ophthalmoplegia, sixth nerve palsy |
| Prevention | N/A |
| Treatment | Physical therapy, prism glasses, botulinum toxin |
| Medication | N/A |
| Prognosis | Variable, depends on underlying cause |
| Frequency | Rare |
| Deaths | N/A |
.jpg)
One and a Half Syndrome is a rare neurological condition characterized by a combination of ocular dysmetria and internuclear ophthalmoplegia. It is caused by a lesion in the paramedian pontine reticular formation and the medial longitudinal fasciculus on the same side of the brain.
Etiology[edit]
The most common cause of One and a Half Syndrome is a stroke, specifically a brainstem stroke. Other causes can include multiple sclerosis, brain tumor, brain abscess, and neurodegenerative diseases.
Clinical Presentation[edit]
Patients with One and a Half Syndrome present with a unique set of ocular motility disturbances. They have a horizontal gaze palsy in one direction and an internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO) in the other direction. This means they are unable to move the eye on the side of the lesion horizontally (either medially or laterally), and they have a limited ability to adduct the eye on the opposite side during lateral gaze.
Diagnosis[edit]
Diagnosis of One and a Half Syndrome is primarily clinical, based on the characteristic ocular motility disturbances. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to confirm the diagnosis and identify the underlying cause.
Treatment[edit]
Treatment of One and a Half Syndrome is primarily aimed at managing the underlying cause. This may involve anticoagulation therapy for stroke, immunomodulatory therapy for multiple sclerosis, or surgery for brain tumors or abscesses.
Prognosis[edit]
The prognosis of One and a Half Syndrome varies depending on the underlying cause. In cases caused by stroke, some improvement may be seen over time with appropriate therapy. In cases caused by neurodegenerative diseases, the condition may be progressive.
