Priapism: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox medical condition | |||
| name = Priapism | |||
| image = [[File:Pompeya_erótica6.jpg|250px]] | |||
| caption = Ancient depiction of priapism | |||
| field = [[Urology]] | |||
| symptoms = Persistent and often painful [[erection]] | |||
| complications = [[Ischemia]], [[erectile dysfunction]], [[gangrene]] | |||
| onset = Sudden | |||
| duration = More than 4 hours | |||
| causes = [[Sickle cell disease]], [[medications]], [[trauma]], [[spinal cord injury]] | |||
| risks = [[Sickle cell anemia]], use of certain [[medications]] | |||
| diagnosis = [[Physical examination]], [[blood gas analysis]] | |||
| differential = [[Penile fracture]], [[urethral stricture]] | |||
| treatment = [[Aspiration]], [[phenylephrine]] injection, [[surgery]] | |||
| prognosis = Good with timely treatment | |||
| frequency = Rare | |||
}} | |||
[[File:Ultrasonography_of_traumatic_arteriovenous_fistula_of_the_penis.jpg|Ultrasonography of traumatic arteriovenous fistula of the penis|thumb|left]] | |||
Priapism is a medical condition characterized by a persistent, often painful erection of the penis that lasts for more than four hours and occurs without sexual arousal. This condition necessitates immediate medical attention to prevent potential complications, including erectile dysfunction. Priapism can be classified into two main types, each with distinct causes and treatments: ischemic (low-flow) and non-ischemic (high-flow) priapism. | Priapism is a medical condition characterized by a persistent, often painful erection of the penis that lasts for more than four hours and occurs without sexual arousal. This condition necessitates immediate medical attention to prevent potential complications, including erectile dysfunction. Priapism can be classified into two main types, each with distinct causes and treatments: ischemic (low-flow) and non-ischemic (high-flow) priapism. | ||
==Ischemic Priapism== | ==Ischemic Priapism== | ||
Ischemic priapism, the more common type, occurs when blood is not able to leave the penis. This form of priapism is usually painful and is considered a medical emergency due to the risk of tissue damage and other complications. | Ischemic priapism, the more common type, occurs when blood is not able to leave the penis. This form of priapism is usually painful and is considered a medical emergency due to the risk of tissue damage and other complications. | ||
==Non-Ischemic Priapism== | ==Non-Ischemic Priapism== | ||
Non-ischemic priapism, also known as high-flow priapism, is rarer and less painful. It is often the result of trauma to the genitals or perineum causing an abnormal connection between an artery and the corpora cavernosa, leading to increased blood flow to the penis. | Non-ischemic priapism, also known as high-flow priapism, is rarer and less painful. It is often the result of trauma to the genitals or perineum causing an abnormal connection between an artery and the corpora cavernosa, leading to increased blood flow to the penis. | ||
==Causes and Risk Factors== | ==Causes and Risk Factors== | ||
Various conditions and substances can contribute to the onset of priapism. These include hematological disorders like [[sickle cell anemia]], [[leukemia]], and [[thalassemia]], certain medications (such as those for erectile dysfunction or depression), and illicit substances like cocaine and cannabis. | Various conditions and substances can contribute to the onset of priapism. These include hematological disorders like [[sickle cell anemia]], [[leukemia]], and [[thalassemia]], certain medications (such as those for erectile dysfunction or depression), and illicit substances like cocaine and cannabis. | ||
==Symptoms== | ==Symptoms== | ||
The primary symptom of priapism is a prolonged erection that persists for more than four hours and occurs without sexual stimulation. In ischemic priapism, the erection is usually painful, whereas in non-ischemic priapism, it is often not. | The primary symptom of priapism is a prolonged erection that persists for more than four hours and occurs without sexual stimulation. In ischemic priapism, the erection is usually painful, whereas in non-ischemic priapism, it is often not. | ||
==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
The diagnosis of priapism typically involves a thorough medical history, physical examination, and possibly blood gas measurement and color Doppler ultrasound to differentiate between ischemic and non-ischemic priapism. | The diagnosis of priapism typically involves a thorough medical history, physical examination, and possibly blood gas measurement and color Doppler ultrasound to differentiate between ischemic and non-ischemic priapism. | ||
==Treatment== | ==Treatment== | ||
Treatment strategies for priapism aim to relieve the persistent erection and prevent future episodes. For ischemic priapism, initial treatment often involves aspiration of blood from the penis or injection of a sympathomimetic drug. Surgery may be required if these measures are not successful. Non-ischemic priapism may resolve spontaneously or require selective arterial embolization or surgery. | Treatment strategies for priapism aim to relieve the persistent erection and prevent future episodes. For ischemic priapism, initial treatment often involves aspiration of blood from the penis or injection of a sympathomimetic drug. Surgery may be required if these measures are not successful. Non-ischemic priapism may resolve spontaneously or require selective arterial embolization or surgery. | ||
==Complications== | ==Complications== | ||
If left untreated, priapism can lead to fibrosis of the penile tissue and permanent erectile dysfunction. Therefore, it is critical to seek immediate medical attention. | If left untreated, priapism can lead to fibrosis of the penile tissue and permanent erectile dysfunction. Therefore, it is critical to seek immediate medical attention. | ||
==See Also== | ==See Also== | ||
* [[Erectile Dysfunction]] | * [[Erectile Dysfunction]] | ||
* [[Sickle Cell Disease]] | * [[Sickle Cell Disease]] | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
* [1] Montague DK, Jarow J, Broderick GA, et al. (2003). American Urological Association guideline on the management of priapism. Journal of Urology, 170(4 Pt 1), 1318–24. | * [1] Montague DK, Jarow J, Broderick GA, et al. (2003). American Urological Association guideline on the management of priapism. Journal of Urology, 170(4 Pt 1), 1318–24. | ||
| Line 33: | Line 43: | ||
[[Category:Medical emergencies]] | [[Category:Medical emergencies]] | ||
[[Category:Penis disorders]] | [[Category:Penis disorders]] | ||
Latest revision as of 05:27, 9 April 2025
Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
Founder, WikiMD Wellnesspedia &
W8MD medical weight loss NYC and sleep center NYC
| Priapism | |
|---|---|
| |
| Synonyms | N/A |
| Pronounce | N/A |
| Specialty | N/A |
| Symptoms | Persistent and often painful erection |
| Complications | Ischemia, erectile dysfunction, gangrene |
| Onset | Sudden |
| Duration | More than 4 hours |
| Types | N/A |
| Causes | Sickle cell disease, medications, trauma, spinal cord injury |
| Risks | Sickle cell anemia, use of certain medications |
| Diagnosis | Physical examination, blood gas analysis |
| Differential diagnosis | Penile fracture, urethral stricture |
| Prevention | N/A |
| Treatment | Aspiration, phenylephrine injection, surgery |
| Medication | N/A |
| Prognosis | Good with timely treatment |
| Frequency | Rare |
| Deaths | N/A |
Priapism is a medical condition characterized by a persistent, often painful erection of the penis that lasts for more than four hours and occurs without sexual arousal. This condition necessitates immediate medical attention to prevent potential complications, including erectile dysfunction. Priapism can be classified into two main types, each with distinct causes and treatments: ischemic (low-flow) and non-ischemic (high-flow) priapism.
Ischemic Priapism[edit]
Ischemic priapism, the more common type, occurs when blood is not able to leave the penis. This form of priapism is usually painful and is considered a medical emergency due to the risk of tissue damage and other complications.
Non-Ischemic Priapism[edit]
Non-ischemic priapism, also known as high-flow priapism, is rarer and less painful. It is often the result of trauma to the genitals or perineum causing an abnormal connection between an artery and the corpora cavernosa, leading to increased blood flow to the penis.
Causes and Risk Factors[edit]
Various conditions and substances can contribute to the onset of priapism. These include hematological disorders like sickle cell anemia, leukemia, and thalassemia, certain medications (such as those for erectile dysfunction or depression), and illicit substances like cocaine and cannabis.
Symptoms[edit]
The primary symptom of priapism is a prolonged erection that persists for more than four hours and occurs without sexual stimulation. In ischemic priapism, the erection is usually painful, whereas in non-ischemic priapism, it is often not.
Diagnosis[edit]
The diagnosis of priapism typically involves a thorough medical history, physical examination, and possibly blood gas measurement and color Doppler ultrasound to differentiate between ischemic and non-ischemic priapism.
Treatment[edit]
Treatment strategies for priapism aim to relieve the persistent erection and prevent future episodes. For ischemic priapism, initial treatment often involves aspiration of blood from the penis or injection of a sympathomimetic drug. Surgery may be required if these measures are not successful. Non-ischemic priapism may resolve spontaneously or require selective arterial embolization or surgery.
Complications[edit]
If left untreated, priapism can lead to fibrosis of the penile tissue and permanent erectile dysfunction. Therefore, it is critical to seek immediate medical attention.
See Also[edit]
References[edit]
- [1] Montague DK, Jarow J, Broderick GA, et al. (2003). American Urological Association guideline on the management of priapism. Journal of Urology, 170(4 Pt 1), 1318–24.
- [2] Salonia A, Eardley I, Giuliano F, et al. (2014). European Association of Urology guidelines on priapism. European Urology, 65(2), 480-9.
