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| [[File:White mushroom 1.jpg|alt=White mushroom|thumb|White mushroom]]
| | == Mushroom == |
| Fleshy body of any of numerous edible fungi; a large cloud of rubble and dust shaped like a mushroom and rising into the sky after an explosion (especially of a nuclear bomb); any of various fleshy fungi of the subdivision Basidiomycota consisting of a cap at the end of a stem arising from an underground mycelium;common name for an edible agaric (contrasting with the inedible toadstool); verb grow and spread fast; pick or gather mushrooms.
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| {{Ketoone}}
| | [[File:White_mushroom_1.jpg|alt=White_mushroom|thumb|White_mushroom]] |
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| ==Introduction to mushrooms==
| | A '''mushroom''' is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a [[fungus]], typically produced above ground on soil or on its food source. The standard for the name "mushroom" is the cultivated white button mushroom, ''[[Agaricus bisporus]]''; hence the word "mushroom" is most often applied to those fungi (''[[Basidiomycota]]'', ''[[Agaricomycetes]]'') that have a stem (stipe), a cap (pileus), and gills (lamellae, sing. lamella) on the underside of the cap. |
| To many people, mushrooms are mysterious organisms that seem to appear sporadically without rhyme or reason and then disappear in a matter of days or hours. They come in a vast array of colors and bewildering shapes, and they have no obvious means of reproduction. Some are edible, some are poisonous. In times past, the term “mushroom” was used to denote edible stalked mushrooms having gills, particularly.
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| ==Agaricus or white mushrooms== | | == Morphology == |
| The cultivated white button mushrooms and portobello mushrooms that are sold in supermarkets are typical examples.
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| ==Types of mushrooms==
| | Mushrooms are characterized by their distinctive [[morphology]]. The typical mushroom has a stem, a cap, and gills or pores on the underside of the cap. The stem, or stipe, supports the cap and elevates it above the substrate. The cap, or pileus, is the umbrella-like structure that houses the spore-producing surface. The gills, or lamellae, are the structures on the underside of the cap where spores are produced and released. |
| Similar species having an umbrella-like form and radiating plate-like “gills” beneath the cap were called toadstools and were considered to be inedible or poisonous. More recently those who study these fascinating organisms have adopted a broader definition of mushrooms. In addition to the familiar gilled mushrooms, these include coral mushrooms, polypores, boletes, spine fungi, bracket fungi (also known as tree conks), puffballs, morels and others. Together these larger fungi are referred to as macrofungi.
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| <gallery>
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| File:Tray of mushrooms at Sainsbury's Low Hall, Chingford, London, England.jpg|alt=Tray of mushrooms|Tray of mushrooms
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| File:Natural Edible mushroom (YS) (7).JPG|alt=Natural edible mushroom with no color inside|Natural edible mushroom with no color inside
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| File:ChampignonMushroom.jpg|alt=Champignon Mushroom|'''Champignon Mushroom'''
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| File:Natural Edible mushroom (YS) (5).JPG|alt=Natural Edible mushroom|'''Natural Edible mushroom'''
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| File:Red mushroom 2.jpg|alt=Red mushroom|Red mushroom
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| File:Portobello mushrooms.jpg|alt=Portobello mushrooms|'''Portobello mushrooms'''
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| File:Stuffed mushrooms, 2015-06-25.jpg|alt=Stuff mushrooms|Stuff mushrooms
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| File:Pork neck with mushrooms at Pizzeria Ristorante "O Sole Mio", Mielec, Poland.jpg|alt=Pork with mushrooms|Pork with mushrooms
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| File:Mushroom Soup.jpg|alt=Mushroom Soup|'''Mushroom Soup'''
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| File:Creamy Mushroom Pasta.jpg|alt=Creamy Mushroom Pasta|'''Creamy Mushroom Pasta'''
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| File:Julienne with chicken and mushrooms.jpg|alt=Julienne with chicken and mushrooms|'''Julienne with chicken and mushrooms'''
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| </gallery>
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| ==Macrofungi==
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| All forms of macrofungi have two things in common. They have fruiting bodies large enough to be seen without magnification, and their function is to produce and disseminate reproductive spores. Spores are to fungi what seeds are to green plants, but unlike plant seeds, fungus spores are microscopic and cannot be seen individually by the naked eye. Fungi also differ from plants in that they lack the green pigment chlorophyll that allows plants to manufacture their own food through the process of photosynthesis.
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| ==Growing mushrooms== | | == Types of Mushrooms == |
| Fungi must obtain their food from pre-existing living or dead organic matter. When a mushroom spore germinates, it sends forth a thread-like filament called a hypha (plural hyphae), which in a suitable environment will then branch and expand into a network called mycelium. The mycelium is normally concealed within soil, leaf litter, wood or other substrate. The hyphae secrete digestive enzymes that break down organic matter and then absorb the released nutrients. Given a sufficient food resource, a mycelium may live for many years, and periodically when conditions of moisture and temperature are favorable, it will produce sporebearing fruiting bodies thus completing its life cycle. Some fungi have more complicated life histories but most of the macrofungi that we think of as mushrooms work in this way. Ecology of Mushrooms and Fungi Fungi that “feed” on dead organic matter are called saprotrophs. These are nature’s pre-eminent recyclers. They decompose plant and animal remains, and release their carbon for use by successive generations of organisms. These fungi are as essential to life on earth as air and water.
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| ==Natures decomposers==
| | [[File:Tray_of_mushrooms_at_Sainsbury's_Low_Hall,_Chingford,_London,_England.jpg|alt=Tray_of_mushrooms|thumb|Tray_of_mushrooms]] |
| Fungi are the principal decomposers of cellulose and lignin, the basic components of wood. If not for saprotrophic fungi that continuously recycle the yearly accumulation of leaves, fruits, fallen branches and trees, our forests would soon become impenetrable. Decay fungi also soften the heartwood in trees, which enables woodpeckers and other cavity nesting birds to more easily excavate their nest sites. Once abandoned, these nest cavities are used as homes by other birds and animals. Living trees and downed logs that become hollow from the action of wood decay fungi provide many years of shelter for wildlife. In addition, the fruiting bodies of macrofungi are an important food item in the diet of numerous insects, mollusks (especially snails) and many mammals. Deer, squirrels, chipmunks and woodrats are particularly fond of various mushrooms. Some macrofungi are parasitic on living plants and animals.
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| ==Pathogenic fungi==
| | Mushrooms can be classified into several types based on their [[taxonomy]], [[ecology]], and [[edibility]]. |
| Those that cause harm to their hosts are called pathogens. Few of the gilled mushrooms are serious pathogens but the common Honey Mushroom (see illustration) is one that kills trees. Most of the fleshier gilled mushrooms and boletes that grow on soil in forests have a relationship with trees that benefits both organisms. In this association, called mycorrhiza, the fungus mycelium attaches to the tree’s roots and permeates into the soil well beyond the normal reach of the root system. This greatly increases the tree’s ability to absorb moisture and essential nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. In return, the tree provides the fungus with photosynthesized carbohydrates. Occasionally the relationship is quite specific where a given species of mushroom will only associate with a single species (Suillus grevil- of tree. For instance, the Larch Bolete will only grow in association with larch trees. lei) Most trees, however, have multiple fungus partners, and many mushrooms form mycorrhiza with several kinds of trees.
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| ==[[White mushrooms|white button mushrooms]]== | | === Edible Mushrooms === |
| Mushrooms are among the many foods thought to play an important role in keeping the immune system healthy. Now, [https://www.ars.usda.gov/news-events/news/research-news/2010/researchers-study-benefits-of-white-button-mushrooms/ Agricultural Research Service] (ARS)-funded scientists have conducted an animal-model and cell-culture study showing that white button mushrooms enhanced the activity of critical cells in the body's immune system. In the United States, [[white mushrooms|white button mushrooms]] represent 90 percent of the total mushrooms consumed. Agaricus or White button are the most common and least expensive mushrooms to appear on grocery store shelves. They have a mild taste and can be used in just about anything from salads to sauces. Button mushroom flavor intensifies when cooked, making them ideal for sautéing and grilling.
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| ==Chanterelles==
| | Edible mushrooms are those that are safe for human consumption. They are widely used in [[cuisine]] around the world. Some popular edible mushrooms include: |
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| One of the most commonly harvested mushrooms in the Pacific Northwest, chanterelles are funnel- or trumpet-shaped mushrooms with a fruity, apricot-like aroma and mild, peppery taste. Most are yellow or orange. Chanterelles pair well with herbs like chives and tarragon, are delicious sautéed or roasted and are a good substitute for pricier morel mushrooms.
| | * '''[[Agaricus bisporus]]''' - Commonly known as the white button mushroom, it is widely cultivated and consumed. |
| | * '''[[Pleurotus ostreatus]]''' - Known as the oyster mushroom, it is popular for its delicate flavor. |
| | * '''[[Lentinula edodes]]''' - Also known as shiitake, it is valued for its rich, savory taste. |
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| ==Crimini (Italian Brown)==
| | [[File:Natural_Edible_mushroom_(YS)_(7).JPG|alt=Natural_edible_mushroom_with_no_color_inside|thumb|Natural_edible_mushroom_with_no_color_inside]] |
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| Crimini look similar to the white button, but are a little darker in color and have an earthier, stronger taste. They’re actually a young portabella and are sometimes called “baby bellas.” Criminis are good eaten raw, roasted or sautéed. Pair with garlic, thyme or balsamic vinegar for the best flavor.
| | === Medicinal Mushrooms === |
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| ==Enoki or Enokitak==
| | Some mushrooms are used for their medicinal properties. These include: |
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| Enoki mushrooms are often used in Asian cuisine (particularly soups). They are long stemmed, white and have a delicate flavor and a slight crunch. Trim off the root end of the cluster and separate the mushrooms before serving. Enokis add crunch to salads and sandwiches, and mild flavor to soups and stir-fries.
| | * '''[[Ganoderma lucidum]]''' - Known as reishi, it is used in traditional medicine for its purported health benefits. |
| | * '''[[Grifola frondosa]]''' - Also known as maitake, it is believed to support the immune system. |
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| ==Morel== | | === Toxic Mushrooms === |
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| Its honeycomb-like shape and intense, deep woods flavor add to the morel mystique. Varying in color from light yellow to dark brown, fresh morels are available (and hunted) in spring and summer. Accessible year-round, dried morels are full of flavor and much less expensive than the fresh variety. Cook before eating by sautéing, stuffing or simmering morels to create flavorful sauces.
| | Some mushrooms are toxic and can cause serious illness or death if consumed. Notable toxic mushrooms include: |
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| ==Oyster==
| | * '''[[Amanita phalloides]]''' - Known as the death cap, it is highly poisonous. |
| | * '''[[Amanita muscaria]]''' - Known as the fly agaric, it is toxic but has been used traditionally for its psychoactive properties. |
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| Oyster mushrooms are smooth, trumpet-shaped and have a light flavor. Though the color fades when cooked, oyster mushrooms can be yellow, pink or blue. Oyster mushrooms pair well with fish, seafood, poultry and red meat and are delicious simply sautéed or roasted whole.
| | == Cultivation == |
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| ==Porcini== | | [[File:ChampignonMushroom.jpg|alt=Champignon_Mushroom|thumb|'''Champignon_Mushroom''']] |
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| Porcini mushrooms are reddish brown in appearance. Porcinis are some of the most sought-after wild mushrooms for their distinct earthy, nutty flavor. Less expensive dried porcini can be reconstituted and used to add robust flavor to sauces, soups, stews and stuffing. Try them in a classic Italian risotto.
| | Mushroom cultivation is a significant agricultural industry. The most commonly cultivated mushroom is ''Agaricus bisporus'', which includes the white button, cremini, and portobello varieties. Cultivation involves creating the right environmental conditions for the growth of the mycelium and the production of fruiting bodies. |
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| ==Portabella== | | == Ecology == |
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| A grown-up crimini, portabellas are large, firm and have a meaty taste and texture. With its steak-like texture, grilled portabellas make a satisfying vegan “burger.” Sauté, broil or roast portabellas and enjoy in fajitas, as a pizza topping or chopped into a hearty ragout. To prevent discoloration, remove the black gills before sautéing.
| | Mushrooms play a crucial role in [[ecosystems]] as decomposers. They break down organic matter, recycling nutrients back into the soil. Some mushrooms form symbiotic relationships with plants, known as [[mycorrhizae]], which enhance nutrient uptake for the plant. |
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| ==Shiitake== | | == Culinary Uses == |
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| Shiitake mushrooms were originally cultivated in China and Japan. Like portabellas, shiitakes have a meaty texture. Cooking brings out their earthy, smoky flavor. With the tough stem removed, try shiitakes sautéed or add to stir-fries, soups or pasta dishes. For more intense flavor, try dried shiitakes in your recipes.
| | [[File:Portobello_mushrooms.jpg|alt=Portobello_mushrooms|thumb|'''Portobello_mushrooms''']] |
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| ==Morel==
| | Mushrooms are used in a variety of culinary dishes. They can be grilled, sautéed, roasted, or used in soups and stews. The umami flavor of mushrooms makes them a popular ingredient in vegetarian and vegan dishes. |
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| The morel, found throughout North America, is probably the best known of the edible mushrooms. Ranging in color from black to blonde, these tasty fungi can grow to be a foot tall. Most of the time, however,these “sponge” or “honeycomb”mushrooms are 3 to 5 inches tall. The best time for morel hunting is April and May. Morel hunting requires a slow pace, an eye for detail and a lot of patience. Although morels are often found in association with dead elms, tulip trees and beech-maple forests, morels have been known to suddenly appear in front yards, too.
| | == Related Pages == |
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| ==Shaggy/Mane/Coprinus==
| | * [[Fungus]] |
| | * [[Mycology]] |
| | * [[Edible mushroom]] |
| | * [[Toxic mushroom]] |
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| Often found pushing its way up and out of lawns, this species is also considered edible. It must be cooked and eaten quickly after gathering. If too much time passes, the cap will liquefy into a black, inky mess. That is the reason it’s also called “inkycap fungi.” A word of caution—you should not consume alcohol within a day or two of eating inky cap fungi. The mushrooms deactivate an enzyme in the human body that would otherwisedetoxify the alcohol. Although this fungus is fragile, it has been seen pushing its way up through asphalt.
| | [[Category:Fungi]] |
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| ==Turkey Tail==
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| Fungus Look for this extremely common fungus on dead trees and decaying logs. As a type of “shelf” fungus, its various colored bands clearly reveal how it got its name.
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| ==Bird’s Nest Splash Cups==
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| These tiny fungi are aptly named. They resemble bird nests that contain little eggs.
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| The “eggs” are actually smallsacs that contain the spores.
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| When raindrops fall and hit the cup or “nest,” the eggs are splashed out and dispersed. These fungi can be found growing on decaying twigs, sawdust or straw. Look carefully—they only reach about a half-inch in diameter.
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| ==Earthstars==
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| These are a small versionof giant puffballs.
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| The outer layer of earth stars splits into rays that arch back and lift the earthstar. This makes it easier for the wind to carry small puffs of spores to new habitats.
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| ==Giant Puff balls==
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| One of the most spectacular members of the fungi family, this mushroom can grow to weigh 10 pounds and measure more than 20 inches across. When the flesh is firmand white throughout, puffballs are edible. However, when the puffball matures, the flesh turns brown. A drop of rain, a raccoon’s searching paw or another disturbance to a “ripe” puff ball causes the release of countless spores.
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| ==Sulfur Shelf==
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| Also called “chicken of the woods,” this fungus is unmistakable. Characterized by an extremely colorful orange top and bright yellow bottom,only the tender edges of the shelf are gathered for eating.
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| This fungus becomes indigestible as it ages and is known to cause an allergic reaction, which may include causing swollen lips in some people. It is most often seen growing on dead tree trunks, logs and stumps in late summer.
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| ==Artist’s Conk==
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| This is a famous fungus to some creative people. The white surface underneath bruises easily, changing to adark brown. A drawing can be etchedin this underside of the fungus and will, with drying and careful handling, remain visible for a longtime. One old woodsman sketched hislog cabin on a conk, and he claims thedrawing lasted more than 40 years.
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| '''[[Mushroom]]''' Oyster Mushroom Portobello Mushroom Enoki Mushrooms Truffle Hen-of-the-Woods Mushroom Mushroom
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| *Are you aware that mushrooms are actually a fungus?
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| *Are you aware that mushrooms grow in the dark?
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| *Are you aware that mushrooms grow from spores?
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| *Are you aware that mushrooms did not become popular in the U.S. until the late 1800s?
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| *Are you aware that the most common mushroom is the white or button? (These are the ones commonly packaged in supermarkets.)
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| [[File:Cooked champignon mushroom.jpg|alt=Cooked champignon mushroom|thumb|Cooked champignon mushroom]]
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| *Are you aware that white mushrooms have a thick short stem with a cap that sits on top?
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| *Are you aware that the white mushroom has a mild flavor?
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| *Are you aware that the white mushroom is eaten raw or cooked? (Raw mushrooms make a great snack with dip. When cooked, the mushroom’s flavor intensifies.)
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| *Are you aware that Pennsylvania grows about 50% of the white mushrooms on the U.S. market?
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| *Are you aware that you should not pick and eat wild mushrooms that grow in the yard or woods, as these could be poisonous?
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| *Are you aware that there is a mushroom that looks like a hamburger and tastes like filet mignon? (It is called the portobello. When cooked, it has a meaty flavor and chewy texture.)
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| *Are you aware that there is a mushroom named after a shellfish? (It is called an oyster mushroom. It looks somewhat like an oyster with a fan shape. They have a chewy texture and mild oyster-like flavor. They grow on top of one another on the bark of old trees. These are usually cooked.)
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| *Are you aware that there is a mushroom that grows underground, is found by trained pigs and dogs and can cost over $200 per pound? (It is called a truffle. These mushrooms give off an aroma that trained pigs and dogs sniff out. Truffles shipped into the U.S. come primarily from France.)
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| *Are you aware that there are over 38,000 varieties of mushrooms? (Some of the common ones you will see are crimini, enoki, morel, porcino, shiitake, portobello, oyster, chanterelle, hen–of-the-woods…)
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| == Also see ==
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| * [[Glossary of mushrooms]]
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| {{usdastb}}
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| {{vegetables}}
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| ==A-Z list of edible fungi==
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| A comprehensive list of edible fungi ([[mushroom]]s.
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| ===A===
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| *'''[[Agaricus abruptibulbus]]'''
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| *'''[[Agaricus amicosus]]'''
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| *'''[[Agaricus arvensis]]'''
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| *'''[[Agaricus augustus]]'''
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| *'''[[Agaricus bernardii]]'''
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| *'''[[Agaricus bisporus]]'''
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| *'''[[Agaricus bitorquis]]'''
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| *'''[[Agaricus bresadolanus]]'''
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| *'''[[Agaricus brunneofibrillosus]]'''
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| *'''[[Agaricus campestris]]'''
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| *'''[[Agaricus cupreobrunneus]]'''
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| *'''[[Agaricus deserticola]]'''
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| *'''[[Agaricus langei]]'''
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| *'''[[Agaricus lilaceps]]'''
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| *'''[[Agaricus macrosporus]]'''
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| *'''[[Agaricus pattersoniae]]'''
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| *'''[[Agaricus silvaticus]]'''
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| *'''[[Agaricus subrufescens]]'''
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| *'''[[Agaricus subrutilescens]]'''
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| *'''[[Amanita basii]]'''
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| *'''[[Amanita caesarea]]'''
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| *'''[[Amanita calyptroderma]]'''
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| *'''[[Amanita crocea]]'''
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| *'''[[Amanita fulva]]'''
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| *'''[[Amanita hemibapha]]'''
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| *'''[[Amanita manginiana]]'''
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| *'''[[Amanita vaginata]]'''
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| *'''[[Amanita velosa]]'''
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| *'''[[Amanita zambiana]]'''
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| *'''[[Apioperdon]]'''
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| *'''[[Armillaria luteobubalina]]'''
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| *'''[[Artomyces pyxidatus]]'''
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| *'''[[Astraeus hygrometricus]]'''
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| *'''[[Aureoboletus innixus]]'''
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| *'''[[Aureoboletus mirabilis]]'''
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| *'''[[Auricularia auricula-judae]]'''
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| *'''[[Auricularia fuscosuccinea]]'''
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| ===B===
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| *'''[[Baker's yeast]]'''
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| *'''[[Blewit]]'''
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| *'''[[Boletus aereus]]'''
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| *'''[[Boletus auripes]]'''
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| *'''[[Boletus barrowsii]]'''
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| *'''[[Baorangia bicolor]]'''
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| *'''[[Boletus curtisii]]'''
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| *'''[[Boletus edulis]]'''
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| *'''[[Boletus loyo]]'''
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| *'''[[Boletus mamorensis]]'''
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| *'''[[Boletus pinetorum]]'''
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| *'''[[Boletus pinophilus]]'''
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| *'''[[Boletus regineus]]'''
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| *'''[[Boletus reticulatus]]'''
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| *'''[[Boletus rex-veris]]'''
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| *'''[[Boletus rubriceps]]'''
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| *'''[[Boletus violaceofuscus]]'''
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| *'''[[Bovista]]'''
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| *'''[[Bovista nigrescens]]'''
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| *'''[[Bovista pila]]'''
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| *'''[[Butyriboletus appendiculatus]]'''
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| *'''[[Butyriboletus regius]]'''
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| ===C===
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| *'''[[Calbovista]]'''
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| *'''[[Calocybe carnea]]'''
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| *'''[[Calocybe gambosa]]'''
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| *'''[[Calocybe indica]]'''
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| *'''[[Calvatia craniiformis]]'''
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| *'''[[Calvatia gigantea]]'''
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| *'''[[Calvatia sculpta]]'''
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| *'''[[Candy cap]]'''
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| *'''[[Cantharellula umbonata]]'''
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| *'''[[Cantharellus]]'''
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| *'''[[Cantharellus appalachiensis]]'''
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| *'''[[Cantharellus californicus]]'''
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| *'''[[Cantharellus cascadensis]]'''
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| *'''[[Cantharellus cibarius]]'''
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| *'''[[Cantharellus cinnabarinus]]'''
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| *'''[[Cantharellus concinnus]]'''
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| *'''[[Cantharellus flavus]]'''
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| *'''[[Cantharellus formosus]]'''
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| *'''[[Cantharellus friesii]]'''
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| *'''[[Cantharellus lateritius]]'''
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| *'''[[Cantharellus lilacinus]]'''
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| *'''[[Cantharellus minor]]'''
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| *'''[[Cantharellus persicinus]]'''
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| *'''[[Cantharellus phasmatis]]'''
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| *'''[[Cantharellus spectaculus]]'''
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| *'''[[Cantharellus subalbidus]]'''
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| *'''[[Cantharellus subpruinosus]]'''
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| *'''[[Cantharellus tabernensis]]'''
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| *'''[[Chalciporus piperatoides]]'''
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| *'''[[Chalciporus piperatus]]'''
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| *'''[[Chanterelle]]'''
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| *'''[[Chroogomphus rutilus]]'''
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| *'''[[Chroogomphus vinicolor]]'''
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| *'''[[Clavaria fragilis]]'''
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| *'''[[Clavariadelphus truncatus]]'''
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| *'''[[Clavulina cristata]]'''
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| *'''[[Clavulina kunmudlutsa]]'''
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| *'''[[Clavulina rugosa]]'''
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| *'''[[Clitocybe nebularis]]'''
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| *'''[[Clitocybe nuda]]'''
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| *'''[[Clitocybe odora]]'''
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| *'''[[Clitopilus geminus]]'''
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| *'''[[Clitopilus prunulus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Cloud ear fungus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Common mushroom]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Coprinellus micaceus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Coprinopsis cinerea]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Coprinus comatus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Cordyceps]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Corn smut]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Cortinarius camphoratus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Cortinarius caperatus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Cortinarius iodes]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Cortinarius praestans]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Cortinarius violaceus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Craterellus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Craterellus calicornucopioides]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Craterellus cornucopioides]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Craterellus lutescens]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Craterellus tubaeformis]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Crimini mushroom]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Cyanoboletus pulverulentus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Cyclocybe aegerita]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Cystoderma amianthinum]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Cystodermella cinnabarina]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Cyttaria espinosae]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Cyttaria gunnii]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Cyttaria hariotii]]'''
| |
| | |
| ===D===
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Dacryopinax spathularia]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Disciotis venosa]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Djon djon]]'''
| |
| | |
| ===E===
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Echigoshirayukidake (Basidiomycetes-X)]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Enokitake]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Entoloma abortivum]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Exsudoporus floridanus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Exsudoporus frostii]]'''
| |
| | |
| ===F===
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Fistulina hepatica]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Floccularia albolanaripes]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Fried mushrooms]]'''
| |
| | |
| ===G===
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Gal4 transcription factor]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Geopora cooperi]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Gliophorus psittacinus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Gomphidius glutinosus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Gomphus clavatus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Goossensia]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Grifola frondosa]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Guepinia]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Gymnopus dryophilus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Gymnopus fusipes]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Gyromitra esculenta]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Gyroporus castaneus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Gyroporus cyanescens]]'''
| |
| | |
| ===H===
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Handkea excipuliformis]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Handkea utriformis]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Harrya chromapes]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Helvella lacunosa]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Hemileccinum impolitum]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Hericium abietis]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Hericium americanum]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Hericium erinaceus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Hydnum oregonense]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Hydnum repandum]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Hydnum rufescens]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Hydnum umbilicatum]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Hygrocybe coccinea]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Hygrocybe punicea]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Hygrophoropsis mangenotii]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Hygrophorus agathosmus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Hygrophorus bakerensis]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Hygrophorus camarophyllus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Hygrophorus eburneus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Hygrophorus hypothejus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Hygrophorus karstenii]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Hygrophorus latitabundus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Hygrophorus marzuolus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Hygrophorus olivaceoalbus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Hygrophorus pudorinus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Hygrophorus subalpinus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Hypholoma capnoides]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Hypomyces lactifluorum]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Hypsizygus tessellatus]]'''
| |
| | |
| ===I===
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Imleria badia]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Infundibulicybe mediterranea]]'''
| |
| | |
| ===K===
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Kalapuya brunnea]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Kuehneromyces mutabilis]]'''
| |
| | |
| ===L===
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Laccaria amethystina]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Laccaria bicolor]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Laccaria laccata]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Laccocephalum mylittae]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Lactarius affinis]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Lactarius argillaceifolius]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Lactarius aspideoides]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Lactarius baliophaeus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *[[Lactarius camphoratus|'''Lactarius camphoratus''']]
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Lactarius deliciosus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Lactarius deterrimus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Lactarius fragilis]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Lactarius glyciosmus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Lactarius indigo]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Lactarius pallidus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Lactifluus piperatus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Lactarius porninsis]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Lactarius pubescens]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Lactarius repraesentaneus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Lactarius resimus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Lactarius rubidus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Lactarius rubrilacteus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Lactarius rufulus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Lactarius rufus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Lactarius sanguifluus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Lactarius semisanguifluus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Lactarius subdulcis]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Lactarius torminosus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Lactarius turpis]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Lactarius vietus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Lactifluus corrugis]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Lactifluus deceptivus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Lactifluus volemus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Laetiporus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Laetiporus conifericola]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Laetiporus gilbertsonii]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Laetiporus huroniensis]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Laetiporus persicinus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Laetiporus sulphureus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Lanmaoa fragrans]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Leccinellum corsicum]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Leccinum aurantiacum]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Leccinum griseum]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Leccinum holopus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Leccinum insigne]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Leccinum manzanitae]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Leccinum rufum]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Leccinum rugosiceps]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Leccinum scabrum]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Leccinum versipelle]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Leccinum vulpinum]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Lentinula edodes]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Paralepista flaccida]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Lepista personata]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Lepista sordida]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Leucopholiota decorosa]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Lobaria scrobiculata]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Lycoperdon echinatum]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Lycoperdon perlatum]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Lyophyllum littoralis]]'''
| |
| | |
| ===M===
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Mackintoshia]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Macrofungi of Guatemala]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Macrolepiota albuminosa]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Macrolepiota excoriata]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Macrolepiota mastoidea]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Macrolepiota procera]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Macrolepiota subcitrophylla]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Marasmius oreades]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Matsutake]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Melanoleuca melaleuca]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Meripilus sumstinei]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Morchella americana]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Morchella anatolica]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Morchella angusticeps]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Morchella australiana]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Morchella brunnea]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Morchella capitata]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Morchella conica]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Morchella deliciosa]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Morchella deqinensis]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Morchella diminutiva]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Morchella elata]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Morchella eohespera]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Morchella esculenta]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Morchella frustrata]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Morchella galilaea]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Morchella guatemalensis]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Morchella herediana]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Morchella importuna]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Morchella laurentiana]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Morchella meiliensis]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Morchella miyabeana]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Morchella populiphila]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Morchella prava]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Morchella pulchella]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Morchella punctipes]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Morchella rigidoides]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Morchella rufobrunnea]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Morchella semilibera]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Morchella septentrionalis]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Morchella septimelata]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Morchella sextelata]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Morchella snyderi]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Morchella spongiola]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Morchella tibetica]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Morchella tomentosa]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Morchella ulmaria]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Morchella varisiensis]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Morchella virginiana]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Morchella]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Mushroom]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Mycenastrum]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Mycetinis alliaceus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Mycetinis scorodonius]]'''
| |
| | |
| ===N===
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Neolentinus ponderosus]]'''
| |
| | |
| ===P===
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Panaeolus foenisecii]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Pecan truffle]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Phallus hadriani]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Phallus impudicus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Phallus indusiatus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Phylloporus rhodoxanthus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Pleurocybella porrigens]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Pleurotus australis]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Pleurotus citrinopileatus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Pleurotus cornucopiae]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Pleurotus djamor]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Pleurotus dryinus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Pleurotus eryngii]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Pleurotus nebrodensis]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Pleurotus ostreatus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Pleurotus populinus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Pleurotus pulmonarius]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Pleurotus purpureo-olivaceus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Pleurotus tuber-regium]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Pluteus cervinus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Pluteus leoninus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Pluteus salicinus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Polyozellus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *Portobello mushroom
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Psathyrella piluliformis]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Psathyrella spadicea]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Pseudohydnum gelatinosum]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Puffball]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Pulveroboletus ravenelii]]'''
| |
| | |
| ===R===
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Ramaria araiospora]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Ramaria botrytis]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Ramaria flava]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Ramaria rasilispora]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Ramaria rubrievanescens]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Ramaria rubripermanens]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Ramaria subbotrytis]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Ramaria vinosimaculans]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Ramariopsis kunzei]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Rhizopogon occidentalis]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Russula aeruginea]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Russula amethystina]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Russula atropurpurea]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Russula aurea]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Russula brevipes]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Russula caerulea]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Russula claroflava]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Russula crustosa]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Russula cyanoxantha]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Russula densifolia]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Russula graveolens]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Russula herrerae]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Russula heterophylla]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Russula integra]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Russula laeta]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Russula nigricans]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Russula obscura]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Russula paludosa]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Russula prolifica]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Russula risigallina]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Russula turci]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Russula vesca]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Russula violeipes]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Russula virescens]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Russula xerampelina]]'''
| |
| | |
| ===S===
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Sarcodon imbricatus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Sarcosphaera]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Shaggy parasol]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Shiitake]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Shimeji]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Sparassis]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Strobilurus tenacellus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Stropharia rugosoannulata]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Suillellus luridus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Suillus acidus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Suillus albidipes]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Suillus americanus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Suillus bellinii]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Suillus bovinus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Suillus brevipes]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Suillus cavipes]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Suillus collinitus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Suillus cothurnatus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Suillus decipiens]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Suillus fuscotomentosus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Suillus glandulosipes]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Suillus granulatus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Suillus grevillei]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Suillus intermedius]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Suillus lakei]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Suillus luteus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Suillus mediterraneensis]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Suillus neoalbidipes]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Suillus nueschii]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Suillus ochraceoroseus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Suillus placidus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Suillus plorans]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Suillus pseudobrevipes]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Suillus punctipes]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Suillus pungens]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Suillus salmonicolor]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Suillus serotinus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Suillus sibiricus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Suillus spraguei]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Suillus subalutaceus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Suillus subluteus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Suillus tomentosus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Suillus tridentinus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Suillus variegatus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Suillus viscidus]]'''
| |
| | |
| ===T===
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Terfeziaceae]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Termitomyces heimii]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Termitomyces titanicus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Termitomyces tylerianus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Termitomyces umkowaan]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Thelephora ganbajun]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Tremella fuciformis]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Tremella mesenterica]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Tricholoma argyraceum]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Tricholoma atrosquamosum]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Tricholoma bakamatsutake]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Tricholoma columbetta]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Tricholoma magnivelare]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Tricholoma murrillianum]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Tricholoma orirubens]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Tricholoma portentosum]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Tricholoma resplendens]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Tricholoma terreum]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Truffle]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Tuber macrosporum]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Tuber microspermum]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Tuber microspiculatum]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Turbinellus floccosus]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Tylopilus alboater]]'''
| |
| | |
| ===V===
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Verpa bohemica]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Volvariella]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Volvariella bombycina]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Volvopluteus gloiocephalus]]'''
| |
| | |
| ===W===
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Western giant puffball]]'''
| |
| | |
| ===X===
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Xerocomellus chrysenteron]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Xerocomellus zelleri]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Xerocomus illudens]]'''
| |
| | |
| *'''[[Xerocomus subtomentosus]]'''
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| *'''[[Xeromphalina campanella]]'''
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| | |
| ==Also see==
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| * [[Glossary of mushrooms]]
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| | |
| {{Fungus|state=expanded}}
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| {{Non-timber forest products}}
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| {{Authority control}}
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| [[Category:Mushroom types| ]]
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| [[Category:Basidiomycota]] | |
| [[Category:Edible fungi]] | | [[Category:Edible fungi]] |
| [[Category:Fungus common names]] | | [[Category:Culinary fungi]] |
| {{stub|state=collapsed}}
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| [[Category:Fungi]]
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| <gallery>
| |
| File:Sparrige Schüppling (Pholiota squarrosa).jpg|Sparrige Schüppling (Pholiota squarrosa)
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| File:Zwerg Postkarte 001.jpg|Zwerg Postkarte
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| File:Mushroom cap morphology2.png|Mushroom Cap Morphology
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| File:Hypomyces lactifluorum 169126.jpg|Hypomyces lactifluorum
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| File:Amanita stirps Hemibapha 45069.jpg|Amanita stirps Hemibapha
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| File:Lactarius indigo 48568.jpg|Lactarius indigo
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| File:Lycoperdon perlatum, Common Puffball, UK , 2.jpg|Lycoperdon perlatum, Common Puffball
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| File:Morelasci.jpg|Morel
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| File:Growing oyster mushrooms - timelapse.webm|Growing Oyster Mushrooms
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| File:ChampignonMushroom.jpg|Champignon Mushroom
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| File:Pleurotus eryngii - Doğal Ortamında Çaşır Mantarı.jpg|Pleurotus eryngii
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| File:Amanita phalloides young.jpg|Amanita phalloides young
| |
| </gallery>
| |
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