Extrapulmonary restriction

Extrapulmonary restriction is a medical condition that affects the lungs. It is characterized by a decrease in lung volume caused by factors outside of the lungs. These factors can include abnormalities in the chest wall, pleura, or diaphragm, or neuromuscular disease.

Causes

Extrapulmonary restriction can be caused by a variety of conditions, including:

• Obesity
• Pleural effusion
• Pneumothorax
• Neuromuscular disease
• Scoliosis
• Ankylosing spondylitis

Symptoms

The symptoms of extrapulmonary restriction can vary depending on the underlying cause, but may include:

• Shortness of breath
• Cough
• Chest pain
• Fatigue

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of extrapulmonary restriction typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and pulmonary function tests. Additional tests, such as imaging studies, may also be needed to identify the underlying cause.

Treatment

The treatment of extrapulmonary restriction is primarily aimed at managing the underlying cause. This may involve medication, surgery, or other interventions. In some cases, pulmonary rehabilitation may also be beneficial.

See also

• Pulmonary function test
• Pulmonary rehabilitation
• Respiratory system

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