Young blood transfusion

"Young blood" redirects here. For other uses, see Youngblood.

Young blood transfusion refers to transfusing blood specifically from a young person into an older one with the intention of creating a medicinal benefit.<ref name="sbm"> ,

 Parabiosis – The Next Snakeoil Full text, 
 Science-Based Medicine, 
  
 3 August 2016,

</ref> The scientific community currently views the practice as essentially pseudoscientific, with comparisons to snake oil.<ref name=sbm/><ref name="sciam">

Young-Blood Transfusions Are on the Menu at Society Gala(link). Scientific American.

March 2, 2018.

</ref><ref name=FDA2019/> There are also concerns of harm.<ref name=FDA2019/>

Research

Experiments at Stanford University on pairs of old and young rodents placed into parabiosis suggest that the circulation of blood from young mice seems to invigorate older mice.<ref>,

 Ageing research: Blood to blood, 
 Nature, 
 2015,
 Vol. 517(Issue: 7535),
 pp. 426–429,
 DOI: 10.1038/517426a,
 PMID: 25612035,</ref> Parabiosis experiments are difficult to generalize, as the circulatory systems of the mice are fully joined and it is unclear whether the benefits come from the sharing of blood or the older mouse's access to the younger mouse's organs.<ref name="sbm"/> A study conducted at UC Berkeley found that blood from older mice hurt younger mice, while older mice were not benefited by the blood of younger mice.<ref>

Regalado, Antonio,

 Old blood is bad for young mice—like, really bad Full text, 
 MIT Technology Review, 
  
  
  
  
 Accessed on: 2018-06-10.

</ref>

In experiments like this, researchers found that some of these mice died quickly (11 out of 69 in one experiment) for reasons the scientists could not explain, but described as possibly some form of rejection.<ref name="sbm" /> Amy Wagers, a researcher who coauthored several mouse studies on young blood transfusion, has said that her papers do not provide a scientific basis for some of the existing human trials.<ref name="sciam"/>

Evidence from two large studies in 2017 showed that the transfusion of blood from younger donors to older people led to outcomes that were either no different from, or led to worse outcomes than, blood from older donors.<ref name="sbm" /><ref name="Garraud20172">,

 Younger blood from older donors: Admitting ignorance and seeking stronger data and clinical trials?, 
 Transfusion and Apheresis Science, 
 
 Vol. 56(Issue: 4),
 pp. 635–636,
 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2017.07.002,
 PMID: 28780993,</ref> Research on blood transfusion outcomes has been complicated by the lack of careful characterization of the transfusion products that have been used in clinical trials; studies had focused on how storage methods and duration might affect blood, but not on the differences among lots of blood themselves.<ref>, 
 Exploring donor and product factors and their impact on red cell post-transfusion outcomes., 
 Transfusion Medicine Reviews, 
 
 Vol. 32(Issue: 1),
 pp. 28–35,
 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2017.07.006,
 PMID: 28988603,</ref>

Commercial development

In February 2019 the FDA warned about companies offering young blood transfusions stating: "simply put, we’re concerned that some patients are being preyed upon by unscrupulous actors touting treatments of plasma from young donors as cures and remedies. Such treatments have no proven clinical benefits for the uses for which these clinics are advertising them and are potentially harmful. There are reports of bad actors charging thousands of dollars for infusions that are unproven and not guided by evidence from adequate and well-controlled trials. The promotion of plasma for these unproven purposes could also discourage patients suffering from serious or intractable illnesses from receiving safe and effective treatments that may be available to them."<ref name=FDA2019>

Statement from FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb, M.D., and Director of FDA's Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Peter Marks, M.D., Ph.D., cautioning consumers against receiving young donor plasma infusions that are promoted as unproven treatment for varying conditions(link). FDA.

19 February 2019.

</ref><ref name=ars/>

Ambrosia

A startup company, Ambrosia, has been selling "young blood transfusions" for $8,000 since 2017 under the guise of running a clinical trial, to see if such transfusions lead to changes in the blood of recipients.<ref name="sbm" /><ref name="Trends20173">,

 The Business of Anti-Aging Science., 
 Trends in Biotechnology, 
 
 Vol. 35(Issue: 11),
 pp. 1062–1073,
 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.07.004,
 PMID: 28778607, </ref> As of August 2017, they had 600 people join.<ref name="Haynes 2017">

,

 Ambrosia: the startup harvesting the blood of the young Full text, 
 The Guardian, 
  
 21 August 2017,

</ref> The clinical trial has no control arm and so is neither randomized nor blind.<ref name="Haynes 2017" /> The company was started by Jesse Karmazin, a medical school graduate without a license to practice medicine.<ref name="Max20173">

This startup takes cash from aging adults in exchange for young people's blood(link). MIT Technology Review.

</ref> David Wright is the licensed doctor overseeing the clinical trial; in his practice he administers intravenous treatments of vitamins and antibiotics for nontraditional purposes and was disciplined by the California Medical Board for the latter in 2015. Jonathan Kimmelman, a bioethicist from McGill University, suggests that Ambrosia is running this as a trial as they would be unable to get FDA approval to sell this treatment otherwise.<ref name="Max20173" />

On February 19, 2019, Ambrosia announced it stopped testing the treatment, responding to concerns from the Foods and Drugs Administration.<ref name=ars> Mole, Beth,

 Blood of the young won't spare rich old people from sadness and death, FDA says Full text, 
 Ars Technica, 
  
 February 19, 2019, 
  
  
 Accessed on: February 20, 2019.

</ref>

Alkahest

Another company, Alkahest, was founded based on the Stanford rodent studies. As of 2017 it is collaborating with European pharmaceutical company Grifols to create a blood plasma-based experimental biologic drug which they propose to test on people with Alzheimer's.<ref name="Trends20173"/><ref>,

 Neuroscience: The power of plasma., 
 Nature, 
 
 Vol. 549(Issue: 7673),
 pp. S26–S27,
 DOI: 10.1038/549S26a,
 PMID: 28953857,</ref>

Young Blood Institute

As of 2018 another organization, the Young Blood Institute, promotes young blood transfusion. Like Ambrosia's, its trial had no control and charged the participants for entry, in this case $285,000 per person.<ref name="sciam" />

Dipnarine Maharaj was running the trial; he has offered both traditional treatments and nontraditional treatments such as stem cell banking in the past.<ref name="sciam" /> Additionally, he has ties to the Hippocrates Health Institute, an organization promoting unproven alternative medicine.<ref> ,

 The Hippocrates Health Institute: Cancer quackery finally under the spotlight, but will it matter? Full text, 
 Science-Based Medicine, 
  
 2015-02-23, 
  
  
 Accessed on: 2018-06-09.

</ref> The Young Blood Institute's trial has been promoted by Bill Faloon,<ref name="sciam" /> who founded the Life Extension Foundation,<ref> Funcheon, Deirdra,

 South Florida Church Pursues Eternal Life Through Cryonics, Inflaming Critics and the IRS Full text, 
 Miami New Times, 
  
 2015-05-12, 
  
  
 Accessed on: 2018-06-10.

</ref> which was raided by the FDA In 1987 for illegally importing medicine in a later-dropped case.<ref> Almond, Steven,

 They're Gonna Live Forever Full text, 
 Miami New Times, 
  
 1994-06-08, 
  
  
 Accessed on: 2018-06-09.

</ref>

Further reading

,

 Fountain of Youth? Young Blood Infusions "Rejuvenate" Old Mice Full text, 
 Scientific American, 
  
 21 April 2017,

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