Fenoterol: Difference between revisions

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'''Fenoterol''' is a [[beta2 adrenergic agonist]] used primarily in the treatment of [[asthma]] and [[Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease]] (COPD). It functions by stimulating beta2-adrenergic receptors in the lungs, leading to the relaxation of bronchial muscles and an increase in airway diameter. This action helps alleviate symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath associated with obstructive airway conditions.
{{Short description|A bronchodilator used in the treatment of asthma and other respiratory conditions}}


== Mechanism of Action ==
'''Fenoterol''' is a [[bronchodilator]] medication primarily used in the management of [[asthma]] and other conditions associated with [[bronchospasm]]. It is a selective [[beta-2 adrenergic receptor]] agonist that works by relaxing the muscles in the airways and increasing airflow to the lungs.
Fenoterol binds to beta2-adrenergic receptors on the smooth muscle cells of the bronchi. Activation of these receptors leads to the conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP) via the enzyme adenylate cyclase. Increased levels of cAMP result in bronchial muscle relaxation and bronchodilation. This mechanism is similar to other beta2 agonists, making fenoterol an effective bronchodilator for the management of asthma and COPD symptoms.


== Pharmacokinetics ==
==Mechanism of Action==
After inhalation, fenoterol begins to exert its effects within minutes, with peak bronchodilation occurring approximately 1.5 to 2 hours post-administration. The duration of action typically lasts for about 3 to 5 hours. Fenoterol is metabolized in the liver and excreted primarily in the urine.
Fenoterol acts on the [[beta-2 adrenergic receptors]] located in the smooth muscle of the airways. By stimulating these receptors, fenoterol causes relaxation of the bronchial muscles, leading to dilation of the airways. This action helps to relieve symptoms of bronchospasm such as wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.


== Clinical Use ==
==Uses==
Fenoterol is used for the relief of bronchospasm in conditions such as asthma and COPD. It is available in various forms, including metered-dose inhalers (MDIs) and nebulizer solutions. Fenoterol can be used for acute symptom relief as well as for prevention of exercise-induced bronchospasm.
Fenoterol is indicated for the relief and prevention of bronchospasm in patients with reversible obstructive airway disease, including:


== Side Effects ==
* [[Asthma]]
Common side effects of fenoterol include tremors, headache, palpitations, and muscle cramps. These are generally mild and transient. However, overuse or misuse of fenoterol can lead to exacerbation of symptoms, potentially leading to severe conditions such as [[cardiac arrhythmias]] and decreased blood potassium levels (hypokalemia).
* [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] (COPD)
* Exercise-induced bronchospasm


== Contraindications ==
==Administration==
Fenoterol is contraindicated in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to any of its components. Caution is advised in patients with cardiovascular diseases, hyperthyroidism, or diabetes mellitus, as the use of fenoterol may exacerbate these conditions.
Fenoterol is commonly administered via inhalation, which allows for direct delivery to the lungs and rapid onset of action. It is available in various forms, including metered-dose inhalers and nebulizer solutions.


== Regulatory Status ==
==Side Effects==
The use of fenoterol has been subject to regulatory scrutiny due to concerns over its safety profile, particularly in relation to its association with increased risk of asthma-related deaths. In some countries, the availability of fenoterol is restricted or it has been withdrawn from the market.
Common side effects of fenoterol include:


== Conclusion ==
* [[Tremor]]
Fenoterol is a beta2 adrenergic agonist with bronchodilator properties, used in the management of asthma and COPD. While effective in relieving symptoms of airway obstruction, its use must be carefully monitored due to potential side effects and safety concerns.
* [[Tachycardia]]
* [[Palpitations]]
* [[Nervousness]]
* [[Headache]]


[[Category:Beta2 adrenergic agonists]]
Less common but more serious side effects can include:
[[Category:Asthma medications]]
[[Category:COPD medications]]


{{Pharmacology-stub}}
* [[Hypokalemia]]
{{medicine-stub}}
* [[Hyperglycemia]]
<gallery>
* [[Paradoxical bronchospasm]]
File:Fenoterol Berotec.jpg|Fenoterol Berotec
 
File:Fenoterol_stereoisomers.svg|Fenoterol stereoisomers
==Precautions==
</gallery>
Patients with [[cardiovascular disease]], [[diabetes mellitus]], or [[hyperthyroidism]] should use fenoterol with caution. It is important to monitor for signs of excessive use, which can lead to decreased effectiveness and increased side effects.
 
==Interactions==
Fenoterol may interact with other medications, including:
 
* [[Beta-blockers]], which can reduce the effectiveness of fenoterol
* [[Diuretics]], which can increase the risk of hypokalemia
* [[Monoamine oxidase inhibitors]] (MAOIs) and [[tricyclic antidepressants]], which can enhance the cardiovascular effects of fenoterol
 
==Images==
[[File:Inhaler.jpg|thumb|right|A typical metered-dose inhaler used for administering fenoterol.]]
 
[[File:Bronchodilation.png|thumb|left|Diagram showing the mechanism of bronchodilation.]]
 
==Related Pages==
* [[Asthma]]
* [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]
* [[Beta-2 adrenergic receptor]]
* [[Bronchodilator]]
 
[[Category:Bronchodilators]]
[[Category:Beta-2 adrenergic agonists]]
[[Category:Respiratory system drugs]]

Revision as of 17:30, 18 February 2025

A bronchodilator used in the treatment of asthma and other respiratory conditions


Fenoterol is a bronchodilator medication primarily used in the management of asthma and other conditions associated with bronchospasm. It is a selective beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonist that works by relaxing the muscles in the airways and increasing airflow to the lungs.

Mechanism of Action

Fenoterol acts on the beta-2 adrenergic receptors located in the smooth muscle of the airways. By stimulating these receptors, fenoterol causes relaxation of the bronchial muscles, leading to dilation of the airways. This action helps to relieve symptoms of bronchospasm such as wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.

Uses

Fenoterol is indicated for the relief and prevention of bronchospasm in patients with reversible obstructive airway disease, including:

Administration

Fenoterol is commonly administered via inhalation, which allows for direct delivery to the lungs and rapid onset of action. It is available in various forms, including metered-dose inhalers and nebulizer solutions.

Side Effects

Common side effects of fenoterol include:

Less common but more serious side effects can include:

Precautions

Patients with cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, or hyperthyroidism should use fenoterol with caution. It is important to monitor for signs of excessive use, which can lead to decreased effectiveness and increased side effects.

Interactions

Fenoterol may interact with other medications, including:

Images

A typical metered-dose inhaler used for administering fenoterol.
File:Bronchodilation.png
Diagram showing the mechanism of bronchodilation.

Related Pages

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