Ether

Ether is a class of organic compounds that contain an ether group — an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups. They have the general formula R–O–R′, where R and R′ represent the alkyl or aryl groups. Ethers can again be classified into two varieties: if the alkyl groups are the same on both sides of the oxygen atom, then it is a simple or symmetrical ether, whereas if they are different, the ethers are called mixed or unsymmetrical ethers.

History

Ether was first synthesized in 1540 by German botanist and chemist Valerius Cordus, who called his discovery "sweet oil of vitriol" and noted its medicinal properties. The name "ether" was given to the substance in 1730 by German physician and chemist August Siegmund Frobenius.

Properties

Ethers are similar in structure to alcohols, and both ethers and alcohols are similar in structure to water. In an alcohol one hydrogen atom of a water molecule is replaced by an alkyl group, whereas in an ether both hydrogen atoms are replaced by alkyl or aryl groups. An important difference between the structures of ethers and alcohols is that ethers lack the hydroxyl group (-OH) that characterizes alcohols.

Uses

Ethers are used as solvents and as starting materials in the synthesis of a wide variety of other organic compounds. An important application of ethers is as protectants for alcohols. Ethers also find use as plasticizers for plastics and in the chemical industry as intermediates in the production of other chemicals.

Health effects

Exposure to high levels of ethers can cause irritation of the skin, eyes, nose, and throat; headache; dizziness; loss of coordination; and loss of consciousness. Long-term exposure can lead to weight loss, vomiting, and damage to the liver and kidneys.

See also

• Alcohol
• Organic compound
• Chemical synthesis

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