Opioid withdrawal

Opioid withdrawal is a severe physical condition caused by the abrupt cessation or reduction of prolonged use of opioids. Opioids are a class of drugs that include the illegal drug heroin, synthetic opioids such as fentanyl, and pain relievers available legally by prescription, such as oxycodone (OxyContin®), hydrocodone (Vicodin®), codeine, morphine, and many others.

Symptoms

Opioid withdrawal symptoms can range from mild to severe and may include:

• Restlessness
• Lacrimation (tearing) or rhinorrhea (runny nose)
• Yawning
• Perspiration or gooseflesh
• Dilated pupils
• Sleep difficulties
• Increased heart rate
• Nausea or vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Bone or joint aches
• Mental health problems such as depression or anxiety

Causes

Opioid withdrawal is caused by the sudden cessation or reduction of prolonged use of opioids. The body becomes used to having opioids in the system, so when the drugs are no longer present, withdrawal symptoms can start.

Treatment

Treatment for opioid withdrawal includes medications and support. Medications can help to reduce the physical symptoms of withdrawal. Supportive care can help a person to cope with the physical discomfort and intense craving that characterize withdrawal.

See also

• Opioid use disorder
• Substance use disorder
• Drug rehabilitation

References

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