Pantoic acid: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 10:57, 15 February 2025

Overview of Pantoic acid

Pantoic acid[edit]

Pantoic acid is a chemical compound that is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of pantothenic acid, which is a component of coenzyme A. It is a hydroxy acid and is often found in its D-enantiomer form, known as D-pantoic acid.

Structure and properties[edit]

Pantoic acid is a hydroxy acid with the chemical formula C₆H₁₂O₄. It contains a carboxylic acid group, a hydroxyl group, and a methyl group attached to a central carbon atom. The presence of the hydroxyl group makes it a chiral molecule, and it exists in two enantiomeric forms: D-pantoic acid and L-pantoic acid. The D-form is the biologically active form involved in the synthesis of pantothenic acid.

Biosynthesis[edit]

Pantoic acid is synthesized in biological systems through the reduction of keto acids. It is a precursor in the biosynthetic pathway of pantothenic acid, which is essential for the synthesis of coenzyme A. Coenzyme A is crucial for various biochemical reactions, including the citric acid cycle and the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids.

Role in metabolism[edit]

In metabolism, pantoic acid is combined with _-alanine to form pantothenic acid. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme pantothenate synthetase. Pantothenic acid is then phosphorylated to form phosphopantothenate, which is further converted into coenzyme A. Coenzyme A acts as a carrier of acyl groups in metabolic reactions, playing a vital role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.

Industrial and research applications[edit]

Pantoic acid and its derivatives are used in research to study the biosynthesis of pantothenic acid and coenzyme A. Understanding these pathways can lead to the development of antibiotics and other pharmaceuticals, as coenzyme A is a target for drug development due to its central role in metabolism.

Related pages[edit]

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-'''Pantoic acid''' is an organic compound that plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of [[coenzyme A]], a vital molecule involved in numerous biochemical reactions in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It is a beta-alanine derivative and is considered a key component in the structure of [[vitamin B5]] (pantothenic acid), where it is combined with [[beta-alanine]] through an amide linkage.
+{{short description|Overview of Pantoic acid}}
+{{DISPLAYTITLE:Pantoic acid}}
-== Structure and Properties ==
+==Pantoic acid==
-Pantoic acid is a straight-chain, saturated fatty acid with the chemical formula C₉H₁₈O₃. It possesses a carboxyl group (-COOH) at one end of the molecule, making it an acid, and a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to the third carbon from the carboxyl end, classifying it as an alcohol. This dual functionality is essential for its role in biological systems.
+[[File:D-pantoic_acid.svg|thumb|right|150px|Structural formula of D-pantoic acid]]
+'''Pantoic acid''' is a chemical compound that is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of [[pantothenic acid]], which is a component of [[coenzyme A]]. It is a [[hydroxy acid]] and is often found in its D-[[enantiomer]] form, known as D-pantoic acid.
-== Biological Role ==
+==Structure and properties==
-In the biosynthesis of coenzyme A, pantoic acid is condensed with beta-alanine to form pantothenic acid (vitamin B5). Pantothenic acid is then phosphorylated and combined with cysteine and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to eventually form coenzyme A. This process is critical for the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, the metabolism of carbohydrates, and the synthesis of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter, among other functions.
+Pantoic acid is a [[hydroxy acid]] with the chemical formula C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>4</sub>. It contains a [[carboxylic acid]] group, a [[hydroxyl group]], and a [[methyl group]] attached to a central carbon atom. The presence of the hydroxyl group makes it a [[chiral]] molecule, and it exists in two enantiomeric forms: D-pantoic acid and L-pantoic acid. The D-form is the biologically active form involved in the synthesis of pantothenic acid.
-== Sources and Deficiency ==
+==Biosynthesis==
-Pantoic acid itself is not found in significant amounts in dietary sources, as it is primarily synthesized in the body from pantothenic acid, which is widely available in food. Pantothenic acid can be found in both plant and animal sources, including meats, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. Deficiency in pantothenic acid, and consequently in pantoic acid, is rare but can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, insomnia, depression, irritability, vomiting, stomach pains, burning feet, and upper respiratory infections.
+Pantoic acid is synthesized in biological systems through the [[reduction]] of [[keto acids]]. It is a precursor in the biosynthetic pathway of [[pantothenic acid]], which is essential for the synthesis of [[coenzyme A]]. Coenzyme A is crucial for various biochemical reactions, including the [[citric acid cycle]] and the synthesis and oxidation of [[fatty acids]].
-== Clinical Significance ==
+==Role in metabolism==
-While pantoic acid is not used directly in clinical settings, its derivative, pantothenic acid, has been studied for its potential therapeutic effects, including wound healing, lowering cholesterol levels, and combating stress and anxiety. However, more research is needed to fully understand these effects and their mechanisms.
+In metabolism, pantoic acid is combined with [[_-alanine]] to form pantothenic acid. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme [[pantothenate synthetase]]. Pantothenic acid is then phosphorylated to form [[phosphopantothenate]], which is further converted into coenzyme A. Coenzyme A acts as a carrier of [[acyl groups]] in metabolic reactions, playing a vital role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.
-== Synthesis ==
+==Industrial and research applications==
-Chemically, pantoic acid can be synthesized through the hydroxylation of valeric acid or by the oxidation of pantolactone. These methods are primarily of interest in research rather than for large-scale production.
+Pantoic acid and its derivatives are used in research to study the biosynthesis of pantothenic acid and coenzyme A. Understanding these pathways can lead to the development of [[antibiotics]] and other pharmaceuticals, as coenzyme A is a target for drug development due to its central role in metabolism.
-== See Also ==
+==Related pages==
+* [[Pantothenic acid]]
 * [[Coenzyme A]]
-* [[Vitamin B5]]
+* [[Hydroxy acid]]
-* [[Beta-Alanine]]
+* [[Chirality (chemistry)]]
-* [[Metabolism]]
-== References ==
-<references/>
 [[Category:Organic acids]]
 [[Category:Biochemistry]]
-{{Chemistry-stub}}
-{{medicine-stub}}