Neutrophil: Difference between revisions

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[[file:NeutrophilerAktion.svg|thumb|NeutrophilerAktion]] [[file:Hypersegmented_neutrophil_-_by_Gabriel_Caponetti,MD.jpg|thumb|Hypersegmented neutrophil - by Gabriel Caponetti,MD|left]] [[file:Reference_ranges_for_blood_tests_-_white_blood_cells.png|thumb|Reference ranges for blood tests - white blood cells]] [[file:Hematopoiesis_simple.svg|thumb|Hematopoiesis simple|left]] [[file:Neutrophil_with_anthrax_copy.jpg|thumb|Neutrophil with anthrax copy]] [[file:Нейтрофил_крови_человека_фагоцитирует_бактерию.webm|thumb|Нейтрофил крови человека фагоцитирует бактерию.webm]] {{Short description|Type of white blood cell}}
 
{{Short description|Detailed information about neutrophils}}
{{Infobox cell
{{Infobox cell
| name = Neutrophil
| name = Neutrophil
| image = Neutrophil with bacteria.jpg
| image = Neutrophil.png
| image_size = 250px
| image_size = 250px
| caption = A neutrophil with bacteria
| caption = A neutrophil with a multi-lobed nucleus
| function = Phagocytosis of bacteria and fungi
| system = [[Immune system]]
| system = [[Immune system]]
| function = Phagocytosis
| location = [[Blood]]
| shape = Spherical
| lifespan = 5-90 hours
| lifespan = 5-90 hours
| location = [[Blood]], [[Tissue]]
| identifiers =
}}
}}


'''Neutrophils''' are a type of [[white blood cell]] and a crucial component of the [[immune system]]. They are the most abundant type of [[granulocyte]] and make up 40% to 70% of all white blood cells in humans. Neutrophils are formed from [[stem cells]] in the [[bone marrow]] and are a part of the body's first line of defense against [[infection]].
'''Neutrophils''' are a type of [[white blood cell]] that play a crucial role in the [[immune system]]. They are the most abundant type of [[granulocyte]] and form an essential part of the [[innate immune system]]. Neutrophils are primarily involved in the defense against [[bacterial]] and [[fungal]] infections.
 
== Structure ==
Neutrophils are characterized by their multi-lobed nucleus, which typically consists of three to five lobes connected by thin strands of chromatin. This unique structure allows them to move more easily through the walls of [[blood vessels]] and into the tissues where they are needed.


== Function ==
== Function ==
Neutrophils play a key role in the [[innate immune system]]. They are primarily involved in the process of [[phagocytosis]], where they engulf and digest [[pathogens]] such as [[bacteria]] and [[fungi]]. Neutrophils contain granules that are rich in [[enzymes]] and [[antimicrobial]] proteins, which help to destroy the ingested microbes.
The primary function of neutrophils is to perform [[phagocytosis]], a process by which they engulf and digest [[microorganisms]] and [[cellular debris]]. Neutrophils are also involved in the release of [[cytokines]] and [[chemokines]], which help to recruit other immune cells to the site of infection.


== Structure ==
=== Phagocytosis ===
Neutrophils are characterized by their multi-lobed nucleus, which typically has three to five lobes connected by thin strands of chromatin. This unique structure allows them to move quickly to sites of infection. The cytoplasm of neutrophils contains granules that are classified into three types: primary (azurophilic), secondary (specific), and tertiary granules, each containing different enzymes and proteins.
During phagocytosis, neutrophils recognize and bind to [[pathogens]] using specific receptors. Once bound, they engulf the pathogen in a process that involves the formation of a phagosome. The phagosome then fuses with lysosomes to form a phagolysosome, where the pathogen is destroyed by [[enzymes]] and [[reactive oxygen species]].


== Lifespan ==
=== Degranulation ===
The lifespan of neutrophils is relatively short, ranging from 5 to 90 hours. After being released from the bone marrow into the bloodstream, they circulate for a few hours before migrating to tissues where they perform their immune functions. Once they have carried out their role in phagocytosis, they undergo [[apoptosis]] and are removed by [[macrophages]].
Neutrophils contain granules filled with antimicrobial substances. Upon activation, they can release these substances into the extracellular space in a process known as degranulation. This helps to kill pathogens and modulate the immune response.


== Clinical Significance ==
=== Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) ===
Neutrophil levels in the blood can be indicative of various medical conditions. [[Neutrophilia]], an increase in neutrophil count, can occur in response to infections, inflammation, or [[stress]]. Conversely, [[neutropenia]], a decrease in neutrophil count, can make individuals more susceptible to infections and is often seen in conditions such as [[chemotherapy]]-induced bone marrow suppression or [[autoimmune diseases]].
Neutrophils can also form [[neutrophil extracellular traps]] (NETs), which are networks of extracellular fibers composed of [[DNA]] and antimicrobial proteins. NETs trap and kill pathogens, preventing their spread.


== Related Cells ==
== Clinical significance ==
Neutrophils are part of the larger family of [[leukocytes]], which also includes [[lymphocytes]], [[monocytes]], [[eosinophils]], and [[basophils]]. Each type of leukocyte has a specific role in the immune response.
Neutrophils are a key component of the [[complete blood count]] (CBC) test, and their levels can indicate various medical conditions. An increased number of neutrophils, known as [[neutrophilia]], can be a sign of infection, inflammation, or stress. Conversely, a decreased number of neutrophils, known as [[neutropenia]], can make individuals more susceptible to infections and may be caused by [[bone marrow disorders]], [[chemotherapy]], or [[autoimmune diseases]].


== See Also ==
== See also ==
* [[Immune system]]
* [[Leukocyte]]
* [[White blood cell]]
* [[Immune response]]
* [[Phagocytosis]]
* [[Inflammation]]
* [[Granulocyte]]
* [[Bone marrow]]
* [[Infection]]
* [[Apoptosis]]
* [[Macrophage]]
* [[Neutrophilia]]
* [[Neutropenia]]


== References ==
== References ==
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[[Category:Blood cells]]
[[Category:Blood cells]]
[[Category:Leukocytes]]
[[Category:Leukocytes]]
[[Category:Granulocytes]]
[[Category:Innate immune system]]
{{Cell-biology-stub}}

Latest revision as of 20:33, 30 December 2024


Detailed information about neutrophils



Neutrophil




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Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in the immune system. They are the most abundant type of granulocyte and form an essential part of the innate immune system. Neutrophils are primarily involved in the defense against bacterial and fungal infections.

Structure[edit]

Neutrophils are characterized by their multi-lobed nucleus, which typically consists of three to five lobes connected by thin strands of chromatin. This unique structure allows them to move more easily through the walls of blood vessels and into the tissues where they are needed.

Function[edit]

The primary function of neutrophils is to perform phagocytosis, a process by which they engulf and digest microorganisms and cellular debris. Neutrophils are also involved in the release of cytokines and chemokines, which help to recruit other immune cells to the site of infection.

Phagocytosis[edit]

During phagocytosis, neutrophils recognize and bind to pathogens using specific receptors. Once bound, they engulf the pathogen in a process that involves the formation of a phagosome. The phagosome then fuses with lysosomes to form a phagolysosome, where the pathogen is destroyed by enzymes and reactive oxygen species.

Degranulation[edit]

Neutrophils contain granules filled with antimicrobial substances. Upon activation, they can release these substances into the extracellular space in a process known as degranulation. This helps to kill pathogens and modulate the immune response.

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs)[edit]

Neutrophils can also form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which are networks of extracellular fibers composed of DNA and antimicrobial proteins. NETs trap and kill pathogens, preventing their spread.

Clinical significance[edit]

Neutrophils are a key component of the complete blood count (CBC) test, and their levels can indicate various medical conditions. An increased number of neutrophils, known as neutrophilia, can be a sign of infection, inflammation, or stress. Conversely, a decreased number of neutrophils, known as neutropenia, can make individuals more susceptible to infections and may be caused by bone marrow disorders, chemotherapy, or autoimmune diseases.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

<references group="" responsive="1"></references>

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