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= Hydroxyapatite =
{{Short description|An overview of hydroxyapatite and its applications in medicine and dentistry}}
{{Infobox mineral
| name = Hydroxyapatite
| category = Phosphate mineral
| image = Mineraly.sk - hydroxylapatit.jpg
| caption = Hydroxyapatite crystal
| formula = Ca<sub>5</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>(OH)
}}


Hydroxyapatite, chemically known as Ca₅(PO₄)₃(OH), is a naturally occurring mineral form of calcium apatite with the formula Ca₅(PO₄)₃(OH), but it is usually written Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂ to denote that the crystal unit cell comprises two entities. Hydroxyapatite is the crystalline, inorganic component that forms the matrix of mature bone and teeth, playing a crucial role in their hardness and structural integrity.
'''Hydroxyapatite''' (HA) is a naturally occurring mineral form of calcium apatite with the formula Ca<sub>5</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>(OH). It is the main inorganic component of [[bone]] and [[tooth enamel]], making it a critical material in [[biomedical]] applications.  


[[File:Growing razors 01 inorganic layer growing on biomaterial.jpg|thumb|The crystal structure of hydroxyapatite.]]
==Structure and Properties==
Hydroxyapatite is a member of the apatite group, characterized by its hexagonal crystal structure. It is a calcium phosphate mineral with a high degree of crystallinity, which contributes to its hardness and stability. The chemical structure of hydroxyapatite is similar to that of the mineral component of bones and teeth, which is why it is often used in medical applications.


== Composition and Structure ==
==Applications in Medicine==
Hydroxyapatite is a type of calcium phosphate. It is characterized by its hexagonal crystal structure and is the most stable form of calcium phosphate at physiological pH, making it highly relevant for biological applications. The hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in hydroxyapatite can be partially replaced by fluoride, chloride, and carbonate ions, leading to variations like fluorapatite and chlorapatite, which are also found in biological tissues.
Hydroxyapatite is widely used in the field of [[orthopedics]] and [[dentistry]] due to its biocompatibility and osteoconductivity. It serves as a scaffold for bone growth and is used in:


<youtube>
* '''Bone grafts''': HA is used as a bone substitute material in [[bone grafting]] procedures. It supports the growth of new bone by providing a framework that mimics the mineral phase of bone.
title='''{{PAGENAME}}'''  
* '''Dental applications''': In [[dentistry]], hydroxyapatite is used in [[toothpaste]] formulations to help remineralize enamel and reduce sensitivity. It is also used in [[dental implants]] and coatings to improve osseointegration.
movie_url=http://www.youtube.com/v/atkVJI4ZbDk
* '''Coatings for implants''': HA coatings are applied to metal implants to enhance their integration with bone tissue. This is particularly important in [[joint replacement]] surgeries.
&rel=1
embed_source_url=http://www.youtube.com/v/atkVJI4ZbDk
&rel=1
wrap = yes
width=750
height=600
</youtube>


== Role in the Body ==
==Research and Development==
In the human body, hydroxyapatite constitutes the mineral portion of bones and teeth, providing them with rigidity and resistance to wear and tear. It works in concert with the organic components of bone, primarily collagen, to afford skeletal tissue its strength and flexibility. Hydroxyapatite's presence in the extracellular matrix of bone tissue facilitates the adherence of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, cells responsible for bone formation and resorption, respectively, thus playing a vital role in bone remodeling and healing.
Ongoing research is focused on improving the properties of hydroxyapatite for various applications. This includes the development of nano-sized hydroxyapatite particles, which have shown promise in enhancing the mechanical properties and bioactivity of composite materials.


== Applications ==
==Also see==
* Medical and Dental
* [[Bone grafting]]
Hydroxyapatite has widespread applications in medicine and dentistry due to its biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, and similarity to natural bone mineral. It is used in:
* [[Dental implant]]
- Bone grafts and as a coating for metal implants to enhance their integration with bone.
* [[Biomaterials]]
- Dental implants and fillings, where it helps promote bone growth around the implant and reduce the risk of infection.
* [[Calcium phosphate]]
- Oral care products, such as toothpaste and mouthwashes, to remineralize teeth and prevent cavities.


* Tissue Engineering
==Gallery==
In tissue engineering, hydroxyapatite serves as a scaffold material to support the growth of new bone tissue, making it essential for the development of synthetic bone grafts used in reconstructive surgery.
<gallery>
File:Hydroxylapatite-338779.jpg|Hydroxyapatite crystals
File:Hüdroksüapatiidi kristallid.JPG|Hydroxyapatite crystal structure
File:Nanoscale coating of Ca-HAp.PNG|Nanoscale coating of calcium hydroxyapatite
</gallery>


* Chromatography
==References==
Hydroxyapatite chromatography is a technique used in biochemistry for the separation and purification of proteins, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules, leveraging its unique affinity properties.
{{Reflist}}


== Environmental and Other Uses ==
[[Category:Biomaterials]]
Beyond its biological and medical applications, hydroxyapatite is explored for use in water purification systems to remove heavy metals and contaminants, as well as in catalysis for certain industrial chemical reactions.
[[Category:Calcium compounds]]
 
[[Category:Phosphate minerals]]
== External Links ==
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3956095/ National Center for Biotechnology Information - Hydroxyapatite: A Review of Applications in Biomedicine and the Environment]
* [https://www.ada.org/en/member-center/oral-health-topics/toothpastes American Dental Association - Toothpastes]
 
== References ==
<references />
 
[[Category:Materials science]]
[[Category:Orthopedics]]
[[Category:Dentistry]]
[[Category:Biomedical engineering]]
 
{{stub}}

Latest revision as of 02:42, 11 December 2024

An overview of hydroxyapatite and its applications in medicine and dentistry




Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a naturally occurring mineral form of calcium apatite with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH). It is the main inorganic component of bone and tooth enamel, making it a critical material in biomedical applications.

Structure and Properties[edit]

Hydroxyapatite is a member of the apatite group, characterized by its hexagonal crystal structure. It is a calcium phosphate mineral with a high degree of crystallinity, which contributes to its hardness and stability. The chemical structure of hydroxyapatite is similar to that of the mineral component of bones and teeth, which is why it is often used in medical applications.

Applications in Medicine[edit]

Hydroxyapatite is widely used in the field of orthopedics and dentistry due to its biocompatibility and osteoconductivity. It serves as a scaffold for bone growth and is used in:

  • Bone grafts: HA is used as a bone substitute material in bone grafting procedures. It supports the growth of new bone by providing a framework that mimics the mineral phase of bone.
  • Dental applications: In dentistry, hydroxyapatite is used in toothpaste formulations to help remineralize enamel and reduce sensitivity. It is also used in dental implants and coatings to improve osseointegration.
  • Coatings for implants: HA coatings are applied to metal implants to enhance their integration with bone tissue. This is particularly important in joint replacement surgeries.

Research and Development[edit]

Ongoing research is focused on improving the properties of hydroxyapatite for various applications. This includes the development of nano-sized hydroxyapatite particles, which have shown promise in enhancing the mechanical properties and bioactivity of composite materials.

Also see[edit]

Gallery[edit]

  • Hydroxyapatite crystals
    Hydroxyapatite crystals
  • Hydroxyapatite crystal structure
    Hydroxyapatite crystal structure
  • Nanoscale coating of calcium hydroxyapatite
    Nanoscale coating of calcium hydroxyapatite

References[edit]

<references group="" responsive="1"></references>

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