Conc

Concussion
Synonyms	N/A
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Headache, confusion, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, blurred vision
Complications	Post-concussion syndrome, second impact syndrome
Onset	Immediate
Duration	Days to weeks
Types	N/A
Causes	Traumatic brain injury
Risks	Contact sports, falls, motor vehicle accidents
Diagnosis	Clinical evaluation, neuroimaging
Differential diagnosis	N/A
Prevention	N/A
Treatment	Rest, gradual return to activities
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	Good with proper management
Frequency	Common
Deaths	N/A

Overview

A concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that is caused by a blow to the head or body, a fall, or another injury that jars or shakes the brain inside the skull. Concussions are often described as "mild" because they are usually not life-threatening. However, their effects can be serious.

Pathophysiology

Concussions occur when the brain is rapidly accelerated and decelerated within the skull, leading to a temporary disruption in normal brain function. This can result in a variety of neurological symptoms. The injury can cause a cascade of biochemical changes in the brain, including the release of neurotransmitters and ionic shifts, which can lead to neuronal dysfunction.

Symptoms

Symptoms of a concussion can vary widely and may include:

• Headache
• Confusion
• Dizziness
• Nausea and vomiting
• Fatigue
• Blurred vision
• Sensitivity to light and noise
• Memory loss
• Difficulty concentrating
• Sleep disturbances

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of a concussion is primarily clinical, based on the history of the injury and the presence of characteristic symptoms. A thorough neurological examination is essential. Neuroimaging techniques such as CT scan or MRI are not typically required unless there is suspicion of a more severe brain injury or complications.

Management

The primary treatment for a concussion is rest, both physical and cognitive. Patients are advised to avoid activities that could potentially lead to another concussion. A gradual return to normal activities is recommended, guided by the resolution of symptoms. In some cases, cognitive therapy or vestibular rehabilitation may be necessary.

Complications

Complications of concussion can include:

• Post-concussion syndrome: A condition where symptoms persist for weeks or months after the initial injury.
• Second impact syndrome: A rare but serious condition that occurs when a second concussion is sustained before the symptoms of a first concussion have resolved, leading to rapid and severe brain swelling.

Prevention

Preventive measures include wearing appropriate protective gear during sports and recreational activities, implementing safety measures in vehicles, and ensuring safe environments to prevent falls, especially in the elderly.

Epidemiology

Concussions are common, particularly among athletes involved in contact sports such as football, hockey, and soccer. They also frequently occur in motor vehicle accidents and falls, especially in children and the elderly.

See also

• Traumatic brain injury
• Post-concussion syndrome
• Second impact syndrome

External links

• CDC Concussion Information
• BrainLine - All About Brain Injury and PTSD