X-linked recessive hypoparathyroidism

X-linked recessive hypoparathyroidism
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Field	endocrinology
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X-linked recessive hypoparathyroidism is a rare, congenital form of hypoparathyroidism.

Signs and symptoms

The signs and symptoms of X-linked recessive hypoparathyroidism are characteristic of hypoparathyroidism and its consequent hypocalcemia. They include acute symptoms, like paresthesia, twitching of the hands and feet, unconsciousness, and trouble breathing; and chronic symptoms, including seizures, tiredness, irritability, cardiac insufficiency, abnormal heart rhythms, papilledema, cataracts, calcium deposits in the brain, and loss or brittleness of hair, skin, and nails.<ref name=":0">

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Genetics

This disease is named for its inheritance, which occurs in an x-linked recessive pattern.<ref name=":0" />

Pathophysiology

In this particular form of hypoparathyroidism, the parathyroid glands are underdeveloped and therefore do not produce enough parathyroid hormone. This is caused by a mutation on the x chromosome in the region of Xq26-27.<ref name=":0" />

Diagnosis

Hypoparathyroidism can be diagnosed using blood tests, the Chvostek sign, and the Trousseau sign. If comorbid conditions like congenital malformations, impaired growth, and intellectual disability are present, it may be a genetic form of hypoparathyroidism; the affected gene can be determined using a DNA test.<ref name=":0" />

Treatment

X-linked recessive hypoparathyroidism is treated like other forms of the disease, using calcium and vitamin D supplementation. Supplementation with parathyroid hormone is another treatment option.<ref name=":0" />

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