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'''Other Names:''' Acute myelogenous leukemia
{{Infobox medical condition
| name = Acute Myeloid Leukemia
| synonyms = Acute myelogenous leukemia, acute nonlymphocytic leukemia
| image =
| caption =
| pronounce =
| specialty = [[Oncology]], [[Hematology]]
| symptoms = Fatigue, fever, increased risk of infection, bleeding
| complications = [[Anemia]], infection, bleeding, spread to other parts of the body
| onset = Rapid
| duration =
| types = M0–M7 (based on the French-American-British (FAB) classification)
| causes = Genetic mutations, exposure to radiation, previous chemotherapy, smoking
| risks = Age, smoking, previous chemotherapy, genetic disorders
| diagnosis = Blood tests, bone marrow examination
| differential = [[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia]], [[Myelodysplastic syndrome]], [[Aplastic anemia]]
| prevention =
| treatment = Chemotherapy, [[Bone marrow transplantation]], targeted therapy
| medication = Cytarabine, anthracyclines
| prognosis = Variable; depends on subtype, age, and genetics
| frequency =
| deaths =
}}


'''Acute myeloid leukemia''' (uh-KYOOT MY-eh-loyd loo-KEE-mee-uh) is an aggressive (fast-growing) disease in which too many [[myeloblasts]] (immature white blood cells that are not lymphoblasts) are found in the bone marrow and blood. Also called acute myeloblastic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, AML, and ANLL.
'''Acute myeloid leukemia''' ('''AML''') is a type of [[cancer]] that affects the blood and bone marrow. AML is characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal white blood cells that accumulate in the bone marrow and interfere with the production of normal blood cells. It is the most common type of acute leukemia in adults.


[[File:Diagram showing the cells in which AML starts CRUK 297.svg|alt=Diagram showing the cells in which AML starts|thumb|'''Diagram showing the cells in which AML starts''']]
== Signs and Symptoms ==
The symptoms of AML are caused by the replacement of normal bone marrow with leukemic cells, which leads to a drop in red blood cells, platelets, and normal white blood cells. Common symptoms include:
* Fatigue
* Fever
* Increased risk of infections
* Bleeding and bruising easily
* Shortness of breath
* Pale skin


== '''Cause ''' ==
== Causes ==
There are many potential causes of AML such as certain [[boold disorders]],[[inherited syndromes]], environmental exposures, and drug exposures; however, most people who develop AML have no identifiable risk factors
The exact cause of AML is not known, but several risk factors have been identified:
* Genetic mutations
* Exposure to radiation
* Previous chemotherapy treatment
* Smoking


<youtube>
== Pathophysiology ==
title='''{{PAGENAME}}'''
AML involves mutations in the DNA of a cell in the bone marrow. These mutations cause the cell to grow and divide uncontrollably. The accumulation of these abnormal cells, or blasts, in the bone marrow inhibits the ability to produce normal blood cells.
movie_url=http://www.youtube.com/v/3WvVSKGEWTI
&rel=1
embed_source_url=http://www.youtube.com/v/3WvVSKGEWTI
&rel=1
wrap = yes
width=750
height=600
</youtube>


== '''signs and symptoms.''' ==
== Diagnosis ==
The signs and symptoms of AML vary but may include easy bruising; bone pain or tenderness; fatigue; fever; frequent nosebleeds; bleeding from the gums; shortness of breath; and/or weightloss.
Diagnosis of AML typically involves:
For most diseases, symptoms will vary from person to person. People with the same disease may not have all the symptoms listed.
* Complete blood count (CBC)
[[Image:AMLCase-66.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Diffusely swollen gums due to infiltration by leukemic cells in a person with AML]]
* Bone marrow biopsy
[[Splenomegaly|Enlargement of the spleen]] may occur in AML,but it is typically mild and [[asymptomatic]].
* Cytogenetic analysis
* Molecular genetic testing


Some people with AML may experience swelling of the gums because of infiltration of leukemic cells into the gum tissue. Rarely, the first sign of leukemia may be the development of a solid leukemic mass or tumor outside of the [[bone marrow]], called a [[chloroma]]. Occasionally, a person may show no symptoms, and the leukemia may be discovered incidentally during a routine [[blood test]].
== Treatment ==
Treatment for AML can vary based on the characteristics of the leukemia and the overall health of the patient. Common treatments include:
* [[Chemotherapy]]
* [[Bone marrow transplantation]]
* Targeted therapy


==Diagnosis==
== Prognosis ==
[[Image:Myeloblast with Auer rod smear 2010-01-27.JPG|thumb|upright=1.4|Bone marrow: myeloblasts with Auer rods seen in AML]]
The prognosis for AML varies widely depending on several factors, including the subtype of AML, the patient's age, and the genetic abnormalities of the leukemia cells. Some subtypes have a relatively good prognosis, while others are more challenging to treat.
The first clue to a diagnosis of AML is typically an abnormal result on a [[complete blood count]]. While an excess of abnormal white blood cells ([[leukocytosis]]) is a common finding with the leukemia, and leukemic [[blasts]] are sometimes seen, AML can also present with isolated decreases in [[platelet]]s, [[red blood cell]]s, or even with a low white blood cell count ([[leukopenia]]).


== '''Treatment''' ==
== Epidemiology ==
Treatment may include a combination of [[chemotherapy]],[[radiation therapy]],[[bone marrow transplant]] and/or other drug therapy.[1][2]
AML is more common in adults than in children and is slightly more prevalent in men than in women. The incidence increases with age.
The medication(s) listed below have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as orphan products for treatment of this condition.
* '''[[Glasdegib]]''' '''(Brand name: [[Daurismo]])'''was approved in combination with low-dose cytarabine, for the treatment of newly-diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in adult patients who are >75 years old or who have comorbidities that preclude use of intensive induction [[chemotherapy]].


* '''[[Enasidenib]]''' '''(Brand name: [[Idhifa]])'''Treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia with an isocitrate dehydrogenase-2 (IDH2) [[mutation]] as detected by an FDA-approved test.
== See Also ==
* [[Leukemia]]
* [[Myeloproliferative neoplasm]]
* [[Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation]]


* '''[[Gemtuzumab ozogamicin]]''' '''(Brand name: Mylotarg)'''is indicated for the treatment of newly-diagnosed CD33-positive acute myeloid leukemia in adults and treatment of relapsed or refractory CD33-positive acute myeloid leukemia in adults and in pediatric patients 2 years and older.
[[Category:Hematology]]
 
[[Category:Oncology]]
* '''[[Midostaurin]]''' '''(Brand name: [[Rydapt]])'''
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
* '''[[Ivosidenib]]''' '''(Brand name: [[Tibsovo]])'''
{{medicine-stub}}
* '''[[Venetoclax]]''' '''(Brand name: [[Venclexta]])'''
* '''[[Cytarabine and daunorubicin liposome injection]]''' '''(Brand name: [[Vyxeos]])'''
* '''[[Gilteritinib]]''' '''(Brand name: [[Xospata]])'''
 
{{stub}}
{{Myeloid malignancy}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Acute Myeloid Leukemia}}
[[Category:Acute myeloid leukemia| ]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:RTT]]
{{rarediseases}}

Revision as of 17:06, 13 August 2024

Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Synonyms Acute myelogenous leukemia, acute nonlymphocytic leukemia
Pronounce
Specialty Oncology, Hematology
Symptoms Fatigue, fever, increased risk of infection, bleeding
Complications Anemia, infection, bleeding, spread to other parts of the body
Onset Rapid
Duration
Types M0–M7 (based on the French-American-British (FAB) classification)
Causes Genetic mutations, exposure to radiation, previous chemotherapy, smoking
Risks Age, smoking, previous chemotherapy, genetic disorders
Diagnosis Blood tests, bone marrow examination
Differential diagnosis Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Myelodysplastic syndrome, Aplastic anemia
Prevention
Treatment Chemotherapy, Bone marrow transplantation, targeted therapy
Medication Cytarabine, anthracyclines
Prognosis Variable; depends on subtype, age, and genetics
Frequency
Deaths


Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. AML is characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal white blood cells that accumulate in the bone marrow and interfere with the production of normal blood cells. It is the most common type of acute leukemia in adults.

Signs and Symptoms

The symptoms of AML are caused by the replacement of normal bone marrow with leukemic cells, which leads to a drop in red blood cells, platelets, and normal white blood cells. Common symptoms include:

  • Fatigue
  • Fever
  • Increased risk of infections
  • Bleeding and bruising easily
  • Shortness of breath
  • Pale skin

Causes

The exact cause of AML is not known, but several risk factors have been identified:

  • Genetic mutations
  • Exposure to radiation
  • Previous chemotherapy treatment
  • Smoking

Pathophysiology

AML involves mutations in the DNA of a cell in the bone marrow. These mutations cause the cell to grow and divide uncontrollably. The accumulation of these abnormal cells, or blasts, in the bone marrow inhibits the ability to produce normal blood cells.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of AML typically involves:

  • Complete blood count (CBC)
  • Bone marrow biopsy
  • Cytogenetic analysis
  • Molecular genetic testing

Treatment

Treatment for AML can vary based on the characteristics of the leukemia and the overall health of the patient. Common treatments include:

Prognosis

The prognosis for AML varies widely depending on several factors, including the subtype of AML, the patient's age, and the genetic abnormalities of the leukemia cells. Some subtypes have a relatively good prognosis, while others are more challenging to treat.

Epidemiology

AML is more common in adults than in children and is slightly more prevalent in men than in women. The incidence increases with age.

See Also

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