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| {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}} | | {{Short description|Displacement of bones in a joint}} |
| {{more citations needed|date=August 2012}}
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| {{Infobox medical condition (new)
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| | name = Joint dislocation
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| | image = Ankledislocation.JPG
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| | caption = A traumatic dislocation of the [[tibiotarsal joint]] of the ankle with distal [[fibular]] fracture. Open arrow marks the [[tibia]] and the closed arrow marks the [[Talus bone|talus]].
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| | synonyms = Latin: luxatio
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| A '''joint dislocation''', also called '''luxation''', occurs when there is an abnormal separation in the [[joint]], where two or more bones meet.<ref name=packard>Dislocations. Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital at Stanford. Retrieved 3 March 2013. [http://www.lpch.org/DiseaseHealthInfo/HealthLibrary/orthopaedics/dislocat.html]</ref> A partial dislocation is referred to as a [[subluxation]]. Dislocations are often caused by sudden [[Trauma (medicine)|trauma]] on the joint like an impact or fall. A joint dislocation can cause damage to the surrounding [[ligament]]s, [[tendon]]s, [[muscle]]s, and [[nerve]]s.<ref>Smith, R. L., & Brunolli, J. J. (1990). Shoulder kinesthesia after anterior glenohumeral joint dislocation. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 11(11), 507–513.</ref> Dislocations can occur in any joint major (shoulder, knees, etc.) or minor (toes, fingers, etc.). The most common joint dislocation is a shoulder dislocation.<ref name=packard />
| | '''Joint dislocation''', also known as '''luxation''', occurs when there is an abnormal separation in the [[joint]] where two or more [[bone]]s meet. A dislocated joint is a condition that requires immediate medical attention to prevent further damage to the surrounding [[ligament]]s, [[tendon]]s, [[muscle]]s, and [[nerve]]s. |
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| Treatment for joint dislocation is usually by closed [[reduction (orthopedic surgery)|reduction]], that is, skilled manipulation to return the bones to their normal position. Reduction should only be performed by trained medical professionals, because it can cause injury to soft tissue and/or the nerves and vascular structures around the dislocation.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Skelley|first=Nathan W.|last2=McCormick|first2=Jeremy J.|last3=Smith|first3=Matthew V.|date=May 2014|title=In-game Management of Common Joint Dislocations|journal=Sports Health|volume=6|issue=3|pages=246–255|doi=10.1177/1941738113499721|pmc=4000468|pmid=24790695}}</ref>
| | ==Causes== |
| | Joint dislocations are typically caused by a sudden impact to the joint. This can occur during [[sports]] activities, [[falls]], or [[trauma]] such as a [[motor vehicle accident]]. The force of the impact can push the bones out of their normal position. |
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| ==Symptoms== | | ==Symptoms== |
| The following symptoms are common with any type of dislocation.<ref name=packard /> | | The symptoms of a joint dislocation include: |
| * Intense pain | | * Intense [[pain]] at the joint |
| * Joint instability
| | * Swelling or [[bruising]] |
| * Deformity of the joint area
| | * Visible deformity of the joint |
| * Reduced muscle strength | | * Inability to move the joint |
| * Bruising or redness of joint area | | * [[Numbness]] or [[tingling]] sensation |
| * Difficulty moving joint
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| * Stiffness | |
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| ==Causes==
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| Joint dislocations are caused by trauma to the joint or when an individual falls on a specific joint.<ref>{{url| 1 = http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/dislocation/DS00239|2 = Mayo Clinic: Finger Dislocation Joint Reduction }}</ref> Great and sudden force applied, by either a blow or fall, to the joint can cause the bones in the joint to be displaced or dislocated from normal position.<ref>{{url| 1 = https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000014.htm | 2 = U.S. National Library of Medicine – Dislocation}}</ref> With each dislocation, the ligaments keeping the bones fixed in the correct position can be damaged or loosened, making it easier for the joint to be dislocated in the future.<ref>{{url | 1 = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001084/ | 2 = Pubmed Health: Dislocation – Joint dislocation}}</ref>
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| Some individuals are prone to dislocations due to congenital conditions, such as [[Hypermobility (joints)|hypermobility]] syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome. Hypermobility syndrome is genetically inherited disorder that is thought to affect the encoding of the connective tissue protein’s collagen in the ligament of joints.<ref>Ruemper, A. & Watkins, K. (2012). Correlations between general joint hypermobility and joint hypermobility syndrome and injury in contemporary dance students. Journal of Dance Medicine & Science, 16(4): 161–166.</ref> The loosened or stretched ligaments in the joint provide little stability and allow for the joint to be easily dislocated.<ref name=packard />
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| ==Diagnosis== | | ==Diagnosis== |
| Initial evaluation of a suspected joint dislocation should begin with a thorough patient history, including mechanism of injury, and physical examination. Special attention should be focused on the neurovascular exam both before and after [[Reduction (orthopedic surgery)|reduction]], as injury to these structures may occur during the injury or during the reduction process.<ref name=":2" /> Subsequent imaging studies are frequently obtained to assist with diagnosis.
| | Diagnosis of a joint dislocation is typically made through a physical examination and confirmed with [[imaging]] studies such as [[X-ray]]s or [[MRI]] scans. These tests help to determine the extent of the dislocation and any associated injuries. |
| * Standard [[Projectional radiography|plain radiographs]], usually a minimum of 2 views
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| ** Generally, pre- and post-reduction X-rays are recommended. Initial X-ray can confirm the diagnosis as well as evaluate for any concomitant fractures. Post-reduction radiographs confirm successful reduction alignment and can exclude any other bony injuries that may have been caused during the reduction procedure.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chong|first=Mark|last2=Karataglis|first2=Dimitris|last3=Learmonth|first3=Duncan|date=September 2006|title=Survey of the Management of Acute Traumatic First-Time Anterior Shoulder Dislocation Among Trauma Clinicians in the UK|journal=Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England|volume=88|issue=5|pages=454–458|doi=10.1308/003588406X117115|issn=0035-8843|pmc=1964698|pmid=17002849}}</ref>
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| ** In certain instances if initial X-rays are normal but injury is suspected, there is possible benefit of stress/weight-bearing views to further assess for disruption of ligamentous structures and/or need for surgical intervention. This may be utilized with [[Separated shoulder|AC joint separations.]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://radiopaedia.org/articles/acromioclavicular-injury|title=Acromioclavicular injury {{!}} Radiology Reference Article {{!}} Radiopaedia.org|last=Gaillard|first=Frank|website=radiopaedia.org|language=en|access-date=21 February 2018}}</ref>
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| ** Nomenclature: Joint dislocations are named based on the distal component in relation to the proximal one.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.radiologymasterclass.co.uk/tutorials/musculoskeletal/trauma/trauma_x-ray_page6|title=Introduction to Trauma X-ray - Dislocation injury|website=www.radiologymasterclass.co.uk|language=en-US|access-date=15 February 2018}}</ref>
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| * [[Ultrasound]]
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| ** Ultrasound may be useful in an acute setting, particularly with suspected shoulder dislocations. Although it may not be as accurate in detecting any associated fractures, in one observational study ultrasonography identified 100% of shoulder dislocations, and was 100% sensitive in identifying successful reduction when compared to plain radiographs.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Abbasi|first=Saeed|last2=Molaie|first2=Hooshyar|last3=Hafezimoghadam|first3=Peyman|last4=Zare|first4=Mohammad Amin|last5=Abbasi|first5=Mohsen|last6=Rezai|first6=Mahdi|last7=Farsi|first7=Davood|date=August 2013|title=Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonographic examination in the management of shoulder dislocation in the emergency department|journal=Annals of Emergency Medicine|volume=62|issue=2|pages=170–175|doi=10.1016/j.annemergmed.2013.01.022|issn=1097-6760|pmid=23489654}}</ref> Ultrasound may also have utility in diagnosing AC joint dislocations.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Heers|first=Guido|last2=Hedtmann|first2=Achim|title=Correlation of ultrasonographic findings to Tossy's and Rockwood's classification of acromioclavicular joint injuries|journal=Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology|volume=31|issue=6|pages=725–732|doi=10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2005.03.002|pmid=15936487|year=2005}}</ref>
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| ** In infants <6 months of age with suspected [[Hip dysplasia|developmental dysplasia of the hip]] (congenital hip dislocation), ultrasound is the imaging study of choice as the proximal femoral epiphysis has not significantly ossified at this age.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://radiopaedia.org/articles/developmental-dysplasia-of-the-hip|title=Developmental dysplasia of the hip {{!}} Radiology Reference Article {{!}} Radiopaedia.org|last=Gaillard|first=Frank|website=radiopaedia.org|language=en|access-date=21 February 2018}}</ref>
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| * Cross-sectional imaging ([[CT scan|CT]] or [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]])
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| ** Plain films are generally sufficient in making a joint dislocation diagnosis. However, cross-sectional imaging can subsequently be used to better define and evaluate abnormalities that may be missed or not clearly seen on plain X-rays. CT is useful in further analyzing any bony aberrations, and CT angiogram may be utilized if vascular injury is suspected.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uptodate.com/contents/shoulder-dislocation-and-reduction?search=Shoulder+dislocation+and+reduction&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150|title=UpToDate|website=www.uptodate.com|access-date=21 February 2018}}</ref> In addition to improved visualization of bony abnormalities, MRI permits for a more detailed inspection of the joint-supporting structures in order to assess for ligamentous and other soft tissue injury.
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| ==Treatment== | | ==Treatment== |
| A dislocated joint usually can be successfully [[reduction (orthopedic surgery)|reduced]] into its normal position only by a trained medical professional. Trying to reduce a joint without any training could substantially worsen the injury.<ref>Bankart, A. (2004). The pathology and treatment of recurrent dislocation of the shoulder-joint. Acta Orthop Belg. 70: 515–519</ref>
| | The primary treatment for a dislocated joint is to reposition the bones back into their normal alignment, a process known as [[reduction]]. This can be done manually by a healthcare professional. In some cases, [[surgery]] may be required to repair damaged structures or to stabilize the joint. |
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| X-rays are usually taken to confirm a diagnosis and detect any fractures which may also have occurred at the time of dislocation. A dislocation is easily seen on an X-ray.<ref name=dias>Dias, J., Steingold, R., Richardson, R., Tesfayohannes, B., Gregg, P. (1987). The conservative treatment of acromioclavicular dislocation. British Editorial Society of Bone and Joint Surgery. 69(5): 719–722.</ref>
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| Once a diagnosis is confirmed, the joint is usually manipulated back into position. This can be a very painful process, therefore this is typically done either in the [[emergency department]] under [[sedation]] or in an [[operating room]] under a [[general anaesthetic]].<ref>Holdsworth, F. (1970). Fractures, dislocations, and fracture dislocations of the spine. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 52 (8): 1534–1551.</ref>
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| It is important the joint is reduced as soon as possible, as in the state of dislocation, the blood supply to the joint (or distal anatomy) may be compromised. This is especially true in the case of a dislocated ankle, due to the anatomy of the blood supply to the foot.<ref>Ganz, R., Gill, T., Gautier, E., Ganz, K., Krugel, N., Berlemann, U. (2001). Surgical dislocation of the adult hip. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 83(8): 1119–1124.</ref>
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| Shoulder injuries can also be surgically stabilized, depending on the severity, using [[Arthroscopy|arthroscopic surgery]].<ref name=dias /> The most common treatment method for a dislocation of the Glenohumeral Joint (GH Joint/Shoulder Joint) is exercise based management.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Warby|first=Sarah A.|last2=Pizzari|first2=Tania|last3=Ford|first3=Jon J.|last4=Hahne|first4=Andrew J.|last5=Watson|first5=Lyn|date=1 January 2014|title=The effect of exercise-based management for multidirectional instability of the glenohumeral joint: a systematic review|journal=Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery|volume=23|issue=1|pages=128–142|doi=10.1016/j.jse.2013.08.006|pmid=24331125}}</ref> Another method of treatment is to place the injured arm in a sling or in another immobilizing device in order to keep the joint stable.<ref name="Skelley 246–255">{{Cite journal|last=Skelley|first=Nathan W.|last2=McCormick|first2=Jeremy J.|last3=Smith|first3=Matthew V.|date=4 April 2017|title=In-game Management of Common Joint Dislocations|journal=Sports Health|volume=6|issue=3|pages=246–255|doi=10.1177/1941738113499721|issn=1941-7381|pmc=4000468|pmid=24790695}}</ref>
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| Some joints are more at risk of becoming dislocated again after an initial injury. This is due to the weakening of the muscles and ligaments which hold the joint in place. The shoulder is a prime example of this. Any shoulder dislocation should be followed up with thorough [[physiotherapy]].<ref name=dias />
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| On field reduction is crucial for joint dislocations. As they are extremely common in sports events, managing them correctly at the game at the time of injury, can reduce long term issues. They require prompt evaluation, diagnosis, reduction, and postreduction management before the person can be evaluated at a medical facility.<ref name="Skelley 246–255"/>
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| ===After care===
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| After a dislocation, injured joints are usually held in place by a [[Splint (medicine)|splint]] (for straight joints like fingers and toes) or a [[bandage]] (for complex joints like shoulders). Additionally, the joint muscles, tendons and ligaments must also be strengthened. This is usually done through a course of [[physiotherapy]], which will also help reduce the chances of repeated dislocations of the same joint.<ref>Itoi, E., Hatakeyama, Y., Kido, T., Sato, T., Minagawa, H., Wakabayashi, I., Kobayashi, M. (2003). Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 12(5): 413–415.</ref>
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| For glenohumeral instability, the therapeutic program depends on specific characteristics of the instability pattern, severity, recurrence and direction with adaptations made based on the needs of the patient. In general, the therapeutic program should focus on restoration of strength, normalization of range of motion and optimization of flexibility and muscular performance. Throughout all stages of the rehabilitation program, it is important to take all related joints and structures into consideration.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cools|first=Ann M.|last2=Borms|first2=Dorien|last3=Castelein|first3=Birgit|last4=Vanderstukken|first4=Fran|last5=Johansson|first5=Fredrik R.|date=1 February 2016|title=Evidence-based rehabilitation of athletes with glenohumeral instability|journal=Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy|language=en|volume=24|issue=2|pages=382–389|doi=10.1007/s00167-015-3940-x|pmid=26704789|issn=0942-2056}}</ref>
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| ==Epidemiology==
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| * Each joint in the body can be dislocated, however, there are common sites where most dislocations occur. The following structures are the most common sites of joint dislocations:
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| * [[Dislocated shoulder]]
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| ** Shoulder dislocations account for 45% of all dislocation visits to the emergency room.<ref name="Khiami S51–S57">{{Cite journal|last=Khiami|first=F.|last2=Gérometta|first2=A.|last3=Loriaut|first3=P.|title=Management of recent first-time anterior shoulder dislocations|journal=Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research|volume=101|issue=1|pages=S51–S57|doi=10.1016/j.otsr.2014.06.027|pmid=25596982|year=2015}}</ref> Anterior shoulder dislocation, the most common type of shoulder dislocation (96-98% of the time) occurs when the arm is in external rotation and abduction (away from the body) produces a force that displaces the humeral head anteriorly and downwardly.<ref name="Khiami S51–S57"/> Vessel and nerve injuries during a shoulder dislocation is rare, but can cause many impairments and requires a longer recovery process.<ref name="Khiami S51–S57"/> There is a 39% average rate of recurrence of anterior shoulder dislocation, with age, sex, hyperlaxity and greater tuberosity fractures being the key risk factors.<ref name="Olds 913–922">{{Cite journal|last=Olds|first=M.|last2=Ellis|first2=R.|last3=Donaldson|first3=K.|last4=Parmar|first4=P.|last5=Kersten|first5=P.|date=1 July 2015|title=Risk factors which predispose first-time traumatic anterior shoulder dislocations to recurrent instability in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis|url=http://bjsm.bmj.com/content/49/14/913|journal=Br J Sports Med|language=en|volume=49|issue=14|pages=913–922|doi=10.1136/bjsports-2014-094342|issn=0306-3674|pmc=4687692|pmid=25900943}}</ref>
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| * [[Knee]]: [[Patellar dislocation]]
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| ** Many different knee injuries can happen. Three percent of knee injuries are acute traumatic patellar dislocations.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hsiao|first=Mark|last2=Owens|first2=Brett D.|last3=Burks|first3=Robert|last4=Sturdivant|first4=Rodney X.|last5=Cameron|first5=Kenneth L.|date=1 October 2010|title=Incidence of Acute Traumatic Patellar Dislocation Among Active-Duty United States Military Service Members|journal=The American Journal of Sports Medicine|language=en|volume=38|issue=10|pages=1997–2004|doi=10.1177/0363546510371423|issn=0363-5465|pmid=20616375}}</ref> Because dislocations make the knee unstable, 15% of patellas will re-dislocate.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fithian|first=Donald C.|last2=Paxton|first2=Elizabeth W.|last3=Stone|first3=Mary Lou|last4=Silva|first4=Patricia|last5=Davis|first5=Daniel K.|last6=Elias|first6=David A.|last7=White|first7=Lawrence M.|date=1 July 2004|title=Epidemiology and Natural History of Acute Patellar Dislocation|journal=The American Journal of Sports Medicine|language=en|volume=32|issue=5|pages=1114–1121|doi=10.1177/0363546503260788|issn=0363-5465|pmid=15262631}}</ref>
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| ** Patellar dislocations occur when the knee is in full extension and sustains a trauma from the lateral to medial side.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ramponi|first=Denise|title=Patellar Dislocations and Reduction Procedure|journal=[[Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal]]|volume=38|issue=2|pages=89–92|doi=10.1097/tme.0000000000000104|pmid=27139130|year=2016}}</ref>
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| * [[Elbow]]: Posterior dislocation, 90% of all elbow dislocations<ref>{{url| 1 = http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/96758-overview | 2 = Elbow Dislocation }}</ref>
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| * [[Wrist]]: Lunate and Perilunate dislocation most common<ref>{{url| 1 = http://www.rcsed.ac.uk/fellows/lvanrensburg/classification/hand/carpal_dislocations.htm | 2 = Carpal dislocations}}</ref>
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| * [[Finger]]: Interphalangeal (IP) or metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint dislocations<ref>{{url | 1 = http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/109206-overview | 2 = Finger Dislocation Joint Reduction }}</ref>
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| ** In the United States, men are most likely to sustain a finger dislocation with an incidence rate of 17.8 per 100,000 person-years.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Golan|first=Elan|last2=Kang|first2=Kevin K.|last3=Culbertson|first3=Maya|last4=Choueka|first4=Jack|title=The Epidemiology of Finger Dislocations Presenting for Emergency Care Within the United States|journal=HAND|volume=11|issue=2|pages=192–6|doi=10.1177/1558944715627232|pmc=4920528|pmid=27390562|year=2016}}</ref> Women have an incidence rate of 4.65 per 100,000 person-years.<ref name=":0" /> The average age group that sustain a finger dislocation are between 15 and 19 years old.<ref name=":0" />
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| * [[Hip]]: Posterior and anterior [[dislocation of hip]]
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| ** Anterior dislocations are less common than posterior dislocations. 10% of all dislocations are anterior and this is broken down into superior and inferior types.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Clegg|first=Travis E.|last2=Roberts|first2=Craig S.|last3=Greene|first3=Joseph W.|last4=Prather|first4=Brad A.|title=Hip dislocations—Epidemiology, treatment, and outcomes|journal=Injury|volume=41|issue=4|pages=329–334|doi=10.1016/j.injury.2009.08.007|pmid=19796765|year=2010}}</ref> Superior dislocations account for 10% of all anterior dislocations, and inferior dislocations account for 90%.<ref name=":1" /> 16-40 year old males are more likely to receive dislocations due to a car accident.<ref name=":1" /> When an individual receives a hip dislocation, there is an incidence rate of 95% that they will receive an injury to another part of their body as well.<ref name=":1" /> 46–84% of hip dislocations occur secondary to traffic accidents, the remaining percentage is due based on falls, industrial accidents or sporting injury.<ref name="Olds 913–922"/>
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| * Foot and Ankle:
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| ** [[Lisfranc injury]] is a dislocation or fracture-dislocation injury at the tarsometatarsal joints
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| ** [[Subtalar joint|Subtalar]] dislocation, or [[Talocalcaneonavicular joint|talocalcaneonavicular]] dislocation, is a simultaneous dislocation of the talar joints at the talocalcaneal and talonavicular levels.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ruhlmann F, Poujardieu C, Vernois J, Gayet LE |title=Isolated Acute Traumatic Subtalar Dislocations: Review of 13 Cases at a Mean Follow-Up of 6 Years and Literature Review |journal=The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=201–207 |date=2017 |pmid=26947001 |doi=10.1053/j.jfas.2016.01.044 |type=Review}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=García-Regal J, Centeno-Ruano AJ |title=[Talocalcaneonavicular dislocation without associated fractures] |language=Spanish |journal=Acta Ortopedica Mexicana |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=201–4 |date=2013 |pmid=24707608 |doi= |type=Review}}</ref> Subtalar dislocations without associated fractures represent about 1% of all traumatic injuries of the foot and 1-2 % of all dislocations, and they are associated with high energy trauma. Early closed reduction is recommended, otherwise open reduction without further delay.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Prada-Cañizares A, Auñón-Martín I, ((Vilá Y Rico J)), Pretell-Mazzini J |title=Subtalar dislocation: management and prognosis for an uncommon orthopaedic condition |journal=International Orthopaedics |volume=40 |issue=5 |pages=999–1007 |date=May 2016 |pmid=26208589 |doi=10.1007/s00264-015-2910-8 |type=Review}}</ref>
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| ** Total talar dislocation is very rare and has very high rates of complications.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Michael A. Foy|author2=Phillip S. Fagg|title=Medicolegal Reporting in Orthopaedic Trauma E-Book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ajRAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA320|date=5 December 2011|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-7020-4886-9|pages=320–}}</ref><ref>For a graphic representation of displacements that may lead to a total talar dislocation see: {{cite book|author=Robert W. Bucholz|title=Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults: Two Volumes Plus Integrated Content Website (Rockwood, Green, and Wilkins' Fractures)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OhVSFNEIanIC&pg=PA2061|date=29 March 2012|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-1-4511-6144-1|pages=2061}}</ref>
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| ** Ankle Sprains primarily occur as a result of tearing the ATFL (anterior talofibular ligament) in the Talocrural Joint. The ATFL tears most easily when the foot is in plantarflexion and inversion.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ringleb|first=Stacie I.|last2=Dhakal|first2=Ajaya|last3=Anderson|first3=Claude D.|last4=Bawab|first4=Sebastain|last5=Paranjape|first5=Rajesh|date=1 October 2011|title=Effects of lateral ligament sectioning on the stability of the ankle and subtalar joint|journal=Journal of Orthopaedic Research|language=en|volume=29|issue=10|pages=1459–1464|doi=10.1002/jor.21407|pmid=21445995|issn=1554-527X}}</ref>
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| ** Ankle dislocation without fracture is rare.<ref name="pmid28826653">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wight L, Owen D, Goldbloom D, Knupp M |title=Pure Ankle Dislocation: A systematic review of the literature and estimation of incidence |journal=Injury |volume=48 |issue=10 |pages=2027–2034 |date=October 2017 |pmid=28826653 |doi=10.1016/j.injury.2017.08.011 |type=Review}}</ref>
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| ==Gallery==
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| <gallery mode="packed" heights="220">
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| File:Dislocated finger.jpg| Dislocation of the left index finger
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| File:Pinkie.jpg|[[Radiograph]] of right fifth [[phalanx bone]] dislocation
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| File:Dislocated finger x-ray.JPG|[[Radiograph]] of left index finger dislocation
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| File:Reduce dislocated spine, c. 1300.jpg|Depiction of reduction of a dislocated spine, ca. 1300
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| File:MCCdislocation.PNG|Dislocation of the carpo-metacarpal joint.
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| File:Dislocated Finger XRay.png|Radiograph of right fifth phalanx dislocation resulting from bicycle accident
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| File:Dislocated Finger.JPG|Right fifth phalanx dislocation resulting from bicycle accident
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| File:Lightbulb sign - posterior shoulder dislocation - Roe vor und nach Reposition 001.jpg|Shoulder dislocation before (left) and after (right) being reduced
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| File:X-ray of ventral dislocation of the radial head with calcification of annular ligament.jpg|[[Projectional radiography|X-ray]] of ventral dislocation of the radial head. There is calcification of annular ligament, which can be seen as early as 2 weeks after injury.<ref name="pmid1604339">{{cite journal| author=Earwaker J| title=Posttraumatic calcification of the annular ligament of the radius. | journal=Skeletal Radiol | year= 1992 | volume= 21 | issue= 3 | pages= 149–54 | pmid=1604339 | doi= 10.1007/BF00242127| pmc= }}</ref>
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| </gallery>
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| ==See also==
| | After reduction, the joint may be immobilized with a [[splint]] or [[cast]] to allow for healing. [[Physical therapy]] is often recommended to restore strength and range of motion. |
| * [[Buddy wrapping]]
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| * [[Major trauma]]
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| * [[Physical therapy]]
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| * [[Projectional radiography]]
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| * [[Spondylolisthesis|Listhesis, olisthesis, or olisthy]]
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| ==References== | | ==Complications== |
| {{Reflist}}
| | Complications from joint dislocations can include: |
| | * Damage to surrounding [[tissues]] |
| | * [[Arthritis]] in the affected joint |
| | * Recurrent dislocations |
| | * [[Nerve damage]] |
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| == External links == | | ==Prevention== |
| {{Medical resources
| | Preventive measures for joint dislocations include: |
| | DiseasesDB =
| | * Using protective gear during sports |
| | ICD10 = {{ICD10|T|14|3|t|08}}
| | * Strengthening muscles around the joint |
| | ICD9 = {{ICD9|830}}-{{ICD9|848}}
| | * Practicing proper techniques in physical activities |
| | ICDO =
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| | OMIM =
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| | MedlinePlus = 000014
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| | eMedicineSubj =
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| | eMedicineTopic =
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| | MeshID = D004204
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| }}
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| {{Dislocations, sprains and strains}}
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| {{Trauma |state=autocollapse}}
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| {{Authority control}}
| | ==Related pages== |
| | * [[Ligament]] |
| | * [[Tendon]] |
| | * [[Muscle]] |
| | * [[Nerve]] |
| | * [[Arthritis]] |
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Joint Dislocation}}
| | [[Category:Musculoskeletal disorders]] |
| [[Category:Contortion]]
| | [[Category:Injuries]] |
| [[Category:Joints]]
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| [[Category:Dislocations, sprains and strains]] | |
| [[Category:Emergency medical procedures]] | |
Displacement of bones in a joint
Joint dislocation, also known as luxation, occurs when there is an abnormal separation in the joint where two or more bones meet. A dislocated joint is a condition that requires immediate medical attention to prevent further damage to the surrounding ligaments, tendons, muscles, and nerves.
Causes
Joint dislocations are typically caused by a sudden impact to the joint. This can occur during sports activities, falls, or trauma such as a motor vehicle accident. The force of the impact can push the bones out of their normal position.
Symptoms
The symptoms of a joint dislocation include:
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of a joint dislocation is typically made through a physical examination and confirmed with imaging studies such as X-rays or MRI scans. These tests help to determine the extent of the dislocation and any associated injuries.
Treatment
The primary treatment for a dislocated joint is to reposition the bones back into their normal alignment, a process known as reduction. This can be done manually by a healthcare professional. In some cases, surgery may be required to repair damaged structures or to stabilize the joint.
After reduction, the joint may be immobilized with a splint or cast to allow for healing. Physical therapy is often recommended to restore strength and range of motion.
Complications
Complications from joint dislocations can include:
Prevention
Preventive measures for joint dislocations include:
- Using protective gear during sports
- Strengthening muscles around the joint
- Practicing proper techniques in physical activities
Related pages
