Trace amine: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 06:23, 5 March 2025

Trace Amine[edit]

Trace amines are a class of endogenous amines that are structurally related to classical biogenic amines such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. They are present in the mammalian brain in trace amounts, hence their name. Trace amines include compounds such as phenethylamine, tyramine, tryptamine, and octopamine.

Biochemistry[edit]

Trace amines are derived from amino acids and are synthesized in the body through enzymatic decarboxylation. For example, phenethylamine is synthesized from the amino acid phenylalanine, while tyramine is derived from tyrosine. These compounds are metabolized by enzymes such as monoamine oxidase (MAO), which also metabolizes classical neurotransmitters.

Function[edit]

Trace amines are believed to play a role in modulating the activity of classical neurotransmitters. They act as neuromodulators and have been implicated in various physiological processes, including mood regulation, arousal, and cognition. Trace amines exert their effects primarily through trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs), a family of G protein-coupled receptors that are distinct from the receptors for classical neurotransmitters.

Trace Amine-Associated Receptors[edit]

Trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) are a group of receptors that are activated by trace amines. These receptors are expressed in various tissues, including the brain, and are involved in the regulation of neurotransmitter systems. TAARs have been a subject of interest in research due to their potential role in neuropsychiatric disorders and their interaction with psychoactive substances.

Clinical Significance[edit]

The dysregulation of trace amine systems has been associated with several neuropsychiatric conditions, including depression, schizophrenia, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Research into trace amines and their receptors may provide insights into novel therapeutic targets for these disorders.

Related Pages[edit]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{short description|Class of biogenic amines related to neurotransmitters}}
+==Trace Amine==
-'''Trace amines''' are a class of [[biogenic amines]] that are structurally related to classical [[neurotransmitters]] such as [[dopamine]], [[norepinephrine]], and [[serotonin]]. They are present in the [[nervous system]] in trace amounts, hence their name, and are thought to play a role in modulating the activity of neurotransmitter systems.
+[[File:Phenethylamine2DCSD.svg|Phenethylamine, a trace amine|thumb|right]]
+Trace amines are a class of endogenous amines that are structurally related to classical biogenic amines such as [[dopamine]], [[norepinephrine]], and [[serotonin]]. They are present in the mammalian brain in trace amounts, hence their name. Trace amines include compounds such as [[phenethylamine]], [[tyramine]], [[tryptamine]], and [[octopamine]].
+==Biochemistry==
-==Structure and Synthesis==
+Trace amines are derived from amino acids and are synthesized in the body through enzymatic decarboxylation. For example, phenethylamine is synthesized from the amino acid [[phenylalanine]], while tyramine is derived from [[tyrosine]]. These compounds are metabolized by enzymes such as [[monoamine oxidase]] (MAO), which also metabolizes classical neurotransmitters.
-[[File:Phenethylamine2DCSD.svg|Phenethylamine, a trace amine|thumb|right]]
-Trace amines are derived from [[amino acids]] and share a common structural motif with [[phenethylamine]], which is the simplest trace amine. They are synthesized in the body through the decarboxylation of amino acids by the enzyme [[aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase]].
 ==Function==
-Trace amines are believed to function as neuromodulators, influencing the release and action of classical neurotransmitters. They interact with a specific class of [[G protein-coupled receptors]] known as [[trace amine-associated receptors]] (TAARs). These receptors are involved in various physiological processes, including the regulation of mood, arousal, and cognition.
+Trace amines are believed to play a role in modulating the activity of classical neurotransmitters. They act as neuromodulators and have been implicated in various physiological processes, including mood regulation, arousal, and cognition. Trace amines exert their effects primarily through trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs), a family of [[G protein-coupled receptors]] that are distinct from the receptors for classical neurotransmitters.
 ==Trace Amine-Associated Receptors==
-TAARs are a family of receptors that are activated by trace amines. They are expressed in various tissues, including the [[brain]], and are involved in modulating the effects of neurotransmitters. TAARs have been implicated in the pathophysiology of several neuropsychiatric disorders, such as [[schizophrenia]] and [[depression]].
-==Role in Neuropsychiatric Disorders==
+Trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) are a group of receptors that are activated by trace amines. These receptors are expressed in various tissues, including the brain, and are involved in the regulation of neurotransmitter systems. TAARs have been a subject of interest in research due to their potential role in neuropsychiatric disorders and their interaction with psychoactive substances.
-Alterations in trace amine levels and TAAR function have been associated with various neuropsychiatric conditions. For example, abnormal trace amine signaling has been linked to [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] (ADHD) and [[bipolar disorder]]. Research is ongoing to better understand the role of trace amines in these disorders and to develop potential therapeutic interventions.
-==Dietary Sources and Metabolism==
+==Clinical Significance==
-Trace amines can also be obtained from dietary sources, as they are present in certain foods such as [[cheese]], [[chocolate]], and [[fermented products]]. They are metabolized in the body by enzymes such as [[monoamine oxidase]] (MAO), which also metabolizes classical neurotransmitters.
+The dysregulation of trace amine systems has been associated with several neuropsychiatric conditions, including [[depression]], [[schizophrenia]], and [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] (ADHD). Research into trace amines and their receptors may provide insights into novel therapeutic targets for these disorders.
 ==Related Pages==
 * [[Biogenic amine]]
+* [[Monoamine neurotransmitter]]
 * [[Neurotransmitter]]
-* [[Phenethylamine]]
+* [[G protein-coupled receptor]]
-* [[Trace amine-associated receptor]]
-[[Category:Biogenic amines]]
 [[Category:Neurotransmitters]]
+[[Category:Biochemistry]]