Latest revision as of 14:18, 21 February 2025

Fenoterol[edit]

Fenoterol is a bronchodilator used in the management of asthma and other conditions associated with bronchospasm. It is a beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonist that works by relaxing the muscles in the airways and increasing airflow to the lungs.

Pharmacology[edit]

Fenoterol is a selective beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonist. It binds to these receptors in the bronchial smooth muscle, leading to muscle relaxation and bronchodilation. This action helps to relieve symptoms of bronchospasm such as wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.

Stereochemistry[edit]

Fenoterol has two chiral centers, resulting in four possible stereoisomers. The (R,R)- and (S,S)-enantiomers are the most relevant in terms of pharmacological activity. The (R,R)-enantiomer is primarily responsible for the bronchodilatory effects, while the (S,S)-enantiomer is less active.

Clinical Use[edit]

Fenoterol is commonly used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It is often administered via inhalation to provide rapid relief from acute bronchospasm. Fenoterol is available in various formulations, including metered-dose inhalers and nebulizer solutions.

Side Effects[edit]

Common side effects of fenoterol include tremor, tachycardia, and nervousness. These effects are generally mild and transient. However, excessive use of fenoterol can lead to more serious cardiovascular effects, such as arrhythmias and hypertension.

History[edit]

Fenoterol was developed in the 1960s and has been used clinically since the 1970s. It was marketed under various brand names, including Berotec.

Related Pages[edit]

Template:Bronchodilators

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-'''Fenoterol''' is a [[beta2 adrenergic agonist]] used primarily in the treatment of [[asthma]] and [[Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease]] (COPD). It functions by stimulating beta2-adrenergic receptors in the lungs, leading to the relaxation of bronchial muscles and an increase in airway diameter. This action helps alleviate symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath associated with obstructive airway conditions.
+= Fenoterol =
-== Mechanism of Action ==
+[[File:(RR)-_and_(SS)-_fenoterol.svg|thumb|right|Chemical structure of (RR)- and (SS)-fenoterol]]
-Fenoterol binds to beta2-adrenergic receptors on the smooth muscle cells of the bronchi. Activation of these receptors leads to the conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP) via the enzyme adenylate cyclase. Increased levels of cAMP result in bronchial muscle relaxation and bronchodilation. This mechanism is similar to other beta2 agonists, making fenoterol an effective bronchodilator for the management of asthma and COPD symptoms.
-== Pharmacokinetics ==
+'''Fenoterol''' is a [[bronchodilator]] used in the management of [[asthma]] and other conditions associated with [[bronchospasm]]. It is a [[beta-2 adrenergic receptor]] agonist that works by relaxing the muscles in the airways and increasing airflow to the lungs.
-After inhalation, fenoterol begins to exert its effects within minutes, with peak bronchodilation occurring approximately 1.5 to 2 hours post-administration. The duration of action typically lasts for about 3 to 5 hours. Fenoterol is metabolized in the liver and excreted primarily in the urine.
+== Pharmacology ==
+Fenoterol is a selective [[beta-2 adrenergic receptor]] agonist. It binds to these receptors in the [[bronchial smooth muscle]], leading to muscle relaxation and bronchodilation. This action helps to relieve symptoms of [[bronchospasm]] such as wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.
+== Stereochemistry ==
+[[File:Fenoterol_stereoisomers.svg|thumb|left|Stereoisomers of fenoterol]]
+Fenoterol has two chiral centers, resulting in four possible stereoisomers. The (R,R)- and (S,S)-enantiomers are the most relevant in terms of pharmacological activity. The (R,R)-enantiomer is primarily responsible for the bronchodilatory effects, while the (S,S)-enantiomer is less active.
 == Clinical Use ==
-Fenoterol is used for the relief of bronchospasm in conditions such as asthma and COPD. It is available in various forms, including metered-dose inhalers (MDIs) and nebulizer solutions. Fenoterol can be used for acute symptom relief as well as for prevention of exercise-induced bronchospasm.
+Fenoterol is commonly used in the treatment of [[asthma]] and [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] (COPD). It is often administered via [[inhalation]] to provide rapid relief from acute bronchospasm. Fenoterol is available in various formulations, including metered-dose inhalers and nebulizer solutions.
 == Side Effects ==
-Common side effects of fenoterol include tremors, headache, palpitations, and muscle cramps. These are generally mild and transient. However, overuse or misuse of fenoterol can lead to exacerbation of symptoms, potentially leading to severe conditions such as [[cardiac arrhythmias]] and decreased blood potassium levels (hypokalemia).
-== Contraindications ==
+Common side effects of fenoterol include [[tremor]], [[tachycardia]], and [[nervousness]]. These effects are generally mild and transient. However, excessive use of fenoterol can lead to more serious cardiovascular effects, such as [[arrhythmias]] and [[hypertension]].
-Fenoterol is contraindicated in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to any of its components. Caution is advised in patients with cardiovascular diseases, hyperthyroidism, or diabetes mellitus, as the use of fenoterol may exacerbate these conditions.
+== History ==
+Fenoterol was developed in the 1960s and has been used clinically since the 1970s. It was marketed under various brand names, including Berotec.
+[[File:Berotec.jpg|thumb|right|A Berotec inhaler containing fenoterol]]
-== Regulatory Status ==
+== Related Pages ==
-The use of fenoterol has been subject to regulatory scrutiny due to concerns over its safety profile, particularly in relation to its association with increased risk of asthma-related deaths. In some countries, the availability of fenoterol is restricted or it has been withdrawn from the market.
-== Conclusion ==
+* [[Asthma]]
-Fenoterol is a beta2 adrenergic agonist with bronchodilator properties, used in the management of asthma and COPD. While effective in relieving symptoms of airway obstruction, its use must be carefully monitored due to potential side effects and safety concerns.
+* [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]
+* [[Beta-2 adrenergic receptor]]
+* [[Bronchodilator]]
-[[Category:Beta2 adrenergic agonists]]
+{{Bronchodilators}}
-[[Category:Asthma medications]]
-[[Category:COPD medications]]
-{{Pharmacology-stub}}
+[[Category:Beta-2 adrenergic agonists]]
-{{medicine-stub}}
+[[Category:Bronchodilators]]
-<gallery>
-File:Fenoterol Berotec.jpg|Fenoterol Berotec
-File:Fenoterol_stereoisomers.svg|Fenoterol stereoisomers
-</gallery>

Fenoterol: Difference between revisions