Major depressive episode

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Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
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Major depressive episode
Synonyms	N/A
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Depressed mood, anhedonia, fatigue, changes in appetite, sleep disturbances, feelings of worthlessness, difficulty concentrating, suicidal thoughts
Complications	N/A
Onset	Typically in adulthood
Duration	At least 2 weeks
Types	N/A
Causes	Genetic, biological, environmental, and psychosocial factors
Risks	Family history, chronic illness, substance abuse, stressful life events
Diagnosis	Based on clinical assessment and DSM-5 criteria
Differential diagnosis	Bipolar disorder, dysthymia, anxiety disorders, substance-induced mood disorder
Prevention	N/A
Treatment	Psychotherapy, antidepressant medication, lifestyle changes
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	Varies; can be recurrent
Frequency	Common; affects millions worldwide
Deaths	N/A

A Major Depressive Episode is a significant mental health condition characterized by a pervasive and persistent state of depression. It encompasses a range of symptoms including anhedonia (loss of interest or pleasure in activities), lethargy, sleep disturbances, despondency, and morbid thoughts including feelings of worthlessness. In some cases, it may also involve suicidal ideation or attempted suicide. Importantly, a Major Depressive Episode is diagnosed in the absence of any known organic dysfunction.

Symptoms and Diagnosis

Core Symptoms

• Anhedonia: A lack of interest or pleasure in all or almost all activities.
• Lethargy: Extreme fatigue and a decrease in physical and mental activity.
• Sleep Disturbance: Includes both insomnia and hypersomnia.
• Despondency: A state of low mood and aversion to activity.
• Morbid Thoughts: Persistent thoughts about death, dying, or suicide.
• Feelings of Worthlessness: Excessive guilt or feelings of being worthless or helpless.

Diagnostic Criteria

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM):

• Presence of five or more symptoms during a two-week period.
• At least one of the symptoms is either anhedonia or depressed mood.
• Symptoms cause significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
• The episode is not attributable to physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of Major Depressive Episodes is unknown, but it's believed to be a complex interplay of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Risk factors include:

• Family history of depression
• Personal history of mood disorders
• Major life changes, trauma, or stress
• Certain physical illnesses and medications

Treatment and Management

Treatment typically involves a combination of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy:

• Psychotherapy: Such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) or interpersonal therapy (IPT).
• Pharmacotherapy: Antidepressant medications like SSRIs or SNRIs.
• Lifestyle modifications and support from family and friends also play a crucial role.

Prevention and Prognosis

While not all cases can be prevented, some strategies may reduce the risk:

• Regular physical activity
• Maintaining a healthy diet
• Adequate sleep
• Stress management techniques
• Seeking early treatment for mood disturbances

The prognosis varies widely depending on the severity of symptoms and the individual's response to treatment.

See Also

• Depression (mood)
• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
• Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
• Suicide Prevention

References

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External Links

• National Institute of Mental Health
• World Health Organization - Mental Health

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