Mitral regurgitation: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox medical condition | |||
| name = Mitral regurgitation | |||
| image = [[File:Mitral_Regurgitation_scheme1.png|250px]] | |||
| caption = Diagram of mitral regurgitation | |||
| field = [[Cardiology]] | |||
| synonyms = Mitral insufficiency, mitral incompetence | |||
| symptoms = [[Shortness of breath]], [[fatigue]], [[palpitations]], [[edema]] | |||
| complications = [[Heart failure]], [[atrial fibrillation]], [[pulmonary hypertension]] | |||
| onset = Gradual or sudden | |||
| duration = Long-term | |||
| causes = [[Mitral valve prolapse]], [[rheumatic heart disease]], [[infective endocarditis]], [[ischemic heart disease]] | |||
| risks = [[Age]], [[rheumatic fever]], [[endocarditis]], [[myocardial infarction]] | |||
| diagnosis = [[Echocardiography]], [[chest X-ray]], [[electrocardiogram]] | |||
| differential = [[Aortic regurgitation]], [[tricuspid regurgitation]] | |||
| treatment = [[Medications]], [[surgery]] | |||
| medication = [[Diuretics]], [[ACE inhibitors]], [[beta blockers]] | |||
| prognosis = Variable, depending on severity and treatment | |||
| frequency = Common | |||
}} | |||
{{Short description|A condition where the heart's mitral valve does not close tightly, allowing blood to flow backward in the heart.}} | {{Short description|A condition where the heart's mitral valve does not close tightly, allowing blood to flow backward in the heart.}} | ||
[[File:Phonocardiograms from normal and abnormal heart sounds.svg|thumb|Phonocardiograms from Normal and Abnormal Heart Sounds]] | |||
[[File:Blausen 0645 MitralValve RegurgitationvsStenosis.png|thumb|Mitral Valve Regurgitation vs Stenosis]] | |||
[[Mitral regurgitation]] (MR), also known as mitral insufficiency, is a disorder of the heart in which the [[mitral valve]] does not close properly when the heart pumps out blood. This improper closure allows blood to flow backward from the [[left ventricle]] into the [[left atrium]], which can lead to various symptoms and complications. | [[File:MI Schema leicht Kopie.png|thumb|MI Schema]] | ||
[[File:Mitralinsuff TEE.jpg|left|thumb|Mitralinsuff TEE]] | |||
[[File:Mitral regurgitation echo 4chamber.jpg|left|thumb|Mitral Regurgitation Echo 4 Chamber]] | |||
[[File:Mitral regurgitation echo 4chamber description.png|thumb|Mitral Regurgitation Echo 4 Chamber Description]] | |||
[[File:Doppler mitral valve.gif|thumb|Doppler Mitral Valve]] | |||
[[File:The PISA Method for Quantification of Mitral Regurgitation.svg|thumb|The PISA Method for Quantification of Mitral Regurgitation]] | |||
Mitral regurgitation (MR), also known as mitral insufficiency, is a disorder of the heart in which the [[mitral valve]] does not close properly when the heart pumps out blood. This improper closure allows blood to flow backward from the [[left ventricle]] into the [[left atrium]], which can lead to various symptoms and complications. | |||
==Anatomy and Physiology== | ==Anatomy and Physiology== | ||
The mitral valve is one of the four valves in the heart, located between the left atrium and the left ventricle. It consists of two leaflets that open to allow blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle and close to prevent backflow during ventricular contraction. Proper functioning of the mitral valve is crucial for maintaining efficient blood circulation. | The mitral valve is one of the four valves in the heart, located between the left atrium and the left ventricle. It consists of two leaflets that open to allow blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle and close to prevent backflow during ventricular contraction. Proper functioning of the mitral valve is crucial for maintaining efficient blood circulation. | ||
==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
Mitral regurgitation can be caused by a variety of factors, including: | Mitral regurgitation can be caused by a variety of factors, including: | ||
* '''[[Mitral valve prolapse]]''': A condition where the valve leaflets bulge into the left atrium during contraction. | * '''[[Mitral valve prolapse]]''': A condition where the valve leaflets bulge into the left atrium during contraction. | ||
* '''[[Rheumatic heart disease]]''': Damage to the valve from rheumatic fever. | * '''[[Rheumatic heart disease]]''': Damage to the valve from rheumatic fever. | ||
| Line 16: | Line 39: | ||
* '''[[Cardiomyopathy]]''': Disease of the heart muscle that can affect valve function. | * '''[[Cardiomyopathy]]''': Disease of the heart muscle that can affect valve function. | ||
* '''Congenital heart defects''': Birth defects affecting the structure of the heart. | * '''Congenital heart defects''': Birth defects affecting the structure of the heart. | ||
==Symptoms== | ==Symptoms== | ||
Symptoms of mitral regurgitation can vary depending on the severity of the condition. They may include: | Symptoms of mitral regurgitation can vary depending on the severity of the condition. They may include: | ||
* Shortness of breath, especially during exertion or when lying flat | * Shortness of breath, especially during exertion or when lying flat | ||
* Fatigue | * Fatigue | ||
| Line 25: | Line 46: | ||
* Swelling in the legs or feet | * Swelling in the legs or feet | ||
* Cough, especially at night or when lying down | * Cough, especially at night or when lying down | ||
==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
Mitral regurgitation is typically diagnosed using: | Mitral regurgitation is typically diagnosed using: | ||
* '''[[Echocardiography]]''': An ultrasound of the heart that can visualize the mitral valve and assess the severity of regurgitation. | * '''[[Echocardiography]]''': An ultrasound of the heart that can visualize the mitral valve and assess the severity of regurgitation. | ||
* '''[[Electrocardiogram]] (ECG)''': A test that records the electrical activity of the heart and can show signs of left atrial enlargement or other abnormalities. | * '''[[Electrocardiogram]] (ECG)''': A test that records the electrical activity of the heart and can show signs of left atrial enlargement or other abnormalities. | ||
* '''Chest X-ray''': Can show enlargement of the left atrium or other changes in the heart. | * '''Chest X-ray''': Can show enlargement of the left atrium or other changes in the heart. | ||
* '''Cardiac MRI''': Provides detailed images of the heart's structure and function. | * '''Cardiac MRI''': Provides detailed images of the heart's structure and function. | ||
==Treatment== | ==Treatment== | ||
Treatment for mitral regurgitation depends on the severity and underlying cause. Options include: | Treatment for mitral regurgitation depends on the severity and underlying cause. Options include: | ||
* '''Medical management''': Medications such as diuretics, beta-blockers, or ACE inhibitors to manage symptoms and reduce the workload on the heart. | * '''Medical management''': Medications such as diuretics, beta-blockers, or ACE inhibitors to manage symptoms and reduce the workload on the heart. | ||
* '''Surgical repair or replacement''': In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace the mitral valve. | * '''Surgical repair or replacement''': In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace the mitral valve. | ||
* '''Transcatheter mitral valve repair''': A minimally invasive procedure for patients who are not candidates for open-heart surgery. | * '''Transcatheter mitral valve repair''': A minimally invasive procedure for patients who are not candidates for open-heart surgery. | ||
==Prognosis== | ==Prognosis== | ||
The prognosis for individuals with mitral regurgitation varies. Mild cases may not require treatment and have a good prognosis, while severe cases can lead to complications such as [[heart failure]] or [[atrial fibrillation]]. Early diagnosis and appropriate management are crucial for improving outcomes. | The prognosis for individuals with mitral regurgitation varies. Mild cases may not require treatment and have a good prognosis, while severe cases can lead to complications such as [[heart failure]] or [[atrial fibrillation]]. Early diagnosis and appropriate management are crucial for improving outcomes. | ||
==See also== | |||
== | |||
* [[Mitral valve prolapse]] | * [[Mitral valve prolapse]] | ||
* [[Heart valve disease]] | * [[Heart valve disease]] | ||
* [[Cardiomyopathy]] | * [[Cardiomyopathy]] | ||
* [[Heart failure]] | * [[Heart failure]] | ||
[[Category:Cardiology]] | [[Category:Cardiology]] | ||
[[Category:Heart diseases]] | [[Category:Heart diseases]]]] | ||
Latest revision as of 12:18, 14 April 2025
Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
Founder, WikiMD Wellnesspedia &
W8MD medical weight loss NYC and sleep center NYC
| Mitral regurgitation | |
|---|---|
| |
| Synonyms | Mitral insufficiency, mitral incompetence |
| Pronounce | N/A |
| Specialty | N/A |
| Symptoms | Shortness of breath, fatigue, palpitations, edema |
| Complications | Heart failure, atrial fibrillation, pulmonary hypertension |
| Onset | Gradual or sudden |
| Duration | Long-term |
| Types | N/A |
| Causes | Mitral valve prolapse, rheumatic heart disease, infective endocarditis, ischemic heart disease |
| Risks | Age, rheumatic fever, endocarditis, myocardial infarction |
| Diagnosis | Echocardiography, chest X-ray, electrocardiogram |
| Differential diagnosis | Aortic regurgitation, tricuspid regurgitation |
| Prevention | N/A |
| Treatment | Medications, surgery |
| Medication | Diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta blockers |
| Prognosis | Variable, depending on severity and treatment |
| Frequency | Common |
| Deaths | N/A |
A condition where the heart's mitral valve does not close tightly, allowing blood to flow backward in the heart.
Mitral regurgitation (MR), also known as mitral insufficiency, is a disorder of the heart in which the mitral valve does not close properly when the heart pumps out blood. This improper closure allows blood to flow backward from the left ventricle into the left atrium, which can lead to various symptoms and complications.
Anatomy and Physiology[edit]
The mitral valve is one of the four valves in the heart, located between the left atrium and the left ventricle. It consists of two leaflets that open to allow blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle and close to prevent backflow during ventricular contraction. Proper functioning of the mitral valve is crucial for maintaining efficient blood circulation.
Causes[edit]
Mitral regurgitation can be caused by a variety of factors, including:
- Mitral valve prolapse: A condition where the valve leaflets bulge into the left atrium during contraction.
- Rheumatic heart disease: Damage to the valve from rheumatic fever.
- Endocarditis: Infection of the heart valves.
- Ischemic heart disease: Damage to the heart muscle affecting valve function.
- Cardiomyopathy: Disease of the heart muscle that can affect valve function.
- Congenital heart defects: Birth defects affecting the structure of the heart.
Symptoms[edit]
Symptoms of mitral regurgitation can vary depending on the severity of the condition. They may include:
- Shortness of breath, especially during exertion or when lying flat
- Fatigue
- Palpitations
- Swelling in the legs or feet
- Cough, especially at night or when lying down
Diagnosis[edit]
Mitral regurgitation is typically diagnosed using:
- Echocardiography: An ultrasound of the heart that can visualize the mitral valve and assess the severity of regurgitation.
- Electrocardiogram (ECG): A test that records the electrical activity of the heart and can show signs of left atrial enlargement or other abnormalities.
- Chest X-ray: Can show enlargement of the left atrium or other changes in the heart.
- Cardiac MRI: Provides detailed images of the heart's structure and function.
Treatment[edit]
Treatment for mitral regurgitation depends on the severity and underlying cause. Options include:
- Medical management: Medications such as diuretics, beta-blockers, or ACE inhibitors to manage symptoms and reduce the workload on the heart.
- Surgical repair or replacement: In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace the mitral valve.
- Transcatheter mitral valve repair: A minimally invasive procedure for patients who are not candidates for open-heart surgery.
Prognosis[edit]
The prognosis for individuals with mitral regurgitation varies. Mild cases may not require treatment and have a good prognosis, while severe cases can lead to complications such as heart failure or atrial fibrillation. Early diagnosis and appropriate management are crucial for improving outcomes.
