Ventilator-associated pneumonia: Difference between revisions
CSV import |
CSV import |
||
| (2 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{SI}} | |||
{{Infobox medical condition | |||
== | | name = Ventilator-associated pneumonia | ||
| image = [[File:Pneumonia_x-ray.jpg|250px]] | |||
| caption = Chest X-ray of a patient with pneumonia | |||
| field = [[Pulmonology]] | |||
| symptoms = [[Fever]], [[cough]], [[dyspnea]], [[purulent sputum]] | |||
| complications = [[Sepsis]], [[acute respiratory distress syndrome]] | |||
| onset = Typically 48 hours or more after [[intubation]] | |||
| duration = Variable | |||
| causes = [[Bacterial infection]] | |||
| risks = [[Mechanical ventilation]], [[prolonged hospital stay]], [[immunosuppression]] | |||
| diagnosis = [[Chest X-ray]], [[sputum culture]], [[bronchoscopy]] | |||
| differential = [[Aspiration pneumonia]], [[hospital-acquired pneumonia]] | |||
| prevention = [[Oral hygiene]], [[elevating head of bed]], [[subglottic secretion drainage]] | |||
| treatment = [[Antibiotics]], [[supportive care]] | |||
| prognosis = Variable, depends on underlying conditions | |||
| frequency = Common in [[intensive care unit]] settings | |||
}} | |||
{{Short description|Pneumonia that occurs in people on mechanical ventilation}} | |||
'''Ventilator-associated pneumonia''' ('''VAP''') is a type of [[pneumonia]] that occurs in people who are on [[mechanical ventilation]] through an [[endotracheal tube]] or [[tracheostomy]] for at least 48 hours. It is a significant concern in [[intensive care unit]]s (ICUs) due to its association with increased [[morbidity]] and [[mortality]]. | |||
==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
The | VAP is caused by the invasion of the lower respiratory tract and lung parenchyma by [[microorganisms]]. The most common pathogens include [[bacteria]] such as ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'', ''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]'', and ''[[Klebsiella pneumoniae]]''. The risk of VAP increases with the duration of mechanical ventilation. | ||
==Pathophysiology== | |||
The pathogenesis of VAP involves the aspiration of oropharyngeal secretions, colonization of the aerodigestive tract, and the formation of [[biofilms]] on the endotracheal tube. These factors contribute to the development of infection in the lower respiratory tract. | |||
==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
The diagnosis of VAP is challenging and often involves a combination of clinical, radiological, and microbiological criteria. Common diagnostic tools include chest [[X-ray]]s, [[bronchoalveolar lavage]], and [[sputum culture]]s. The presence of new or progressive infiltrates on chest X-ray, along with clinical signs such as fever, purulent sputum, and leukocytosis, may suggest VAP. | |||
[[File:Pneumonia x-ray.jpg|left|thumb|Chest X-ray showing pneumonia]] | |||
==Prevention== | |||
Preventive strategies for VAP include maintaining proper hand hygiene, elevating the head of the bed, daily sedation vacations, and implementing [[ventilator care bundles]]. The use of subglottic secretion drainage and selective digestive decontamination may also reduce the incidence of VAP. | |||
==Treatment== | ==Treatment== | ||
The treatment of VAP typically involves the administration of [[antibiotics]] tailored to the suspected or confirmed pathogens. Empirical therapy is often initiated based on local antibiograms and adjusted according to culture results. Supportive care, including adequate [[oxygenation]] and [[fluid management]], is also crucial. | |||
==Prognosis== | ==Prognosis== | ||
The prognosis of VAP varies depending on the patient's underlying condition, the causative organism, and the timeliness of appropriate treatment. VAP is associated with increased [[length of stay]] in the ICU and higher healthcare costs. | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
* [[ | * [[Pneumonia]] | ||
* [[ | * [[Mechanical ventilation]] | ||
* [[ | * [[Intensive care unit]] | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist}} | |||
[[Category:Pneumonia]] | |||
[[Category: | [[Category:Intensive care medicine]] | ||
[[Category: | |||
{{stub}} | {{stub}} | ||
Latest revision as of 23:18, 6 April 2025
Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
Founder, WikiMD Wellnesspedia &
W8MD medical weight loss NYC and sleep center NYC
| Ventilator-associated pneumonia | |
|---|---|
| |
| Synonyms | N/A |
| Pronounce | N/A |
| Specialty | N/A |
| Symptoms | Fever, cough, dyspnea, purulent sputum |
| Complications | Sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome |
| Onset | Typically 48 hours or more after intubation |
| Duration | Variable |
| Types | N/A |
| Causes | Bacterial infection |
| Risks | Mechanical ventilation, prolonged hospital stay, immunosuppression |
| Diagnosis | Chest X-ray, sputum culture, bronchoscopy |
| Differential diagnosis | Aspiration pneumonia, hospital-acquired pneumonia |
| Prevention | Oral hygiene, elevating head of bed, subglottic secretion drainage |
| Treatment | Antibiotics, supportive care |
| Medication | N/A |
| Prognosis | Variable, depends on underlying conditions |
| Frequency | Common in intensive care unit settings |
| Deaths | N/A |
Pneumonia that occurs in people on mechanical ventilation
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a type of pneumonia that occurs in people who are on mechanical ventilation through an endotracheal tube or tracheostomy for at least 48 hours. It is a significant concern in intensive care units (ICUs) due to its association with increased morbidity and mortality.
Causes[edit]
VAP is caused by the invasion of the lower respiratory tract and lung parenchyma by microorganisms. The most common pathogens include bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The risk of VAP increases with the duration of mechanical ventilation.
Pathophysiology[edit]
The pathogenesis of VAP involves the aspiration of oropharyngeal secretions, colonization of the aerodigestive tract, and the formation of biofilms on the endotracheal tube. These factors contribute to the development of infection in the lower respiratory tract.
Diagnosis[edit]
The diagnosis of VAP is challenging and often involves a combination of clinical, radiological, and microbiological criteria. Common diagnostic tools include chest X-rays, bronchoalveolar lavage, and sputum cultures. The presence of new or progressive infiltrates on chest X-ray, along with clinical signs such as fever, purulent sputum, and leukocytosis, may suggest VAP.
Prevention[edit]
Preventive strategies for VAP include maintaining proper hand hygiene, elevating the head of the bed, daily sedation vacations, and implementing ventilator care bundles. The use of subglottic secretion drainage and selective digestive decontamination may also reduce the incidence of VAP.
Treatment[edit]
The treatment of VAP typically involves the administration of antibiotics tailored to the suspected or confirmed pathogens. Empirical therapy is often initiated based on local antibiograms and adjusted according to culture results. Supportive care, including adequate oxygenation and fluid management, is also crucial.
Prognosis[edit]
The prognosis of VAP varies depending on the patient's underlying condition, the causative organism, and the timeliness of appropriate treatment. VAP is associated with increased length of stay in the ICU and higher healthcare costs.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
<references group="" responsive="1"></references>
