Facial trauma

Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
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Facial trauma
Synonyms	Maxillofacial trauma
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Pain, swelling, bruising, bleeding, facial asymmetry
Complications	Airway obstruction, infection, vision problems, cosmetic deformity
Onset	Sudden, typically due to trauma
Duration	Varies depending on severity and treatment
Types	N/A
Causes	Blunt trauma, penetrating trauma, falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports injuries, assaults
Risks	High-impact sports, motor vehicle accidents, violence
Diagnosis	Physical examination, imaging studies such as X-ray, CT scan, MRI
Differential diagnosis	Soft tissue injury, fracture, dental injury
Prevention	Protective gear, seat belts, helmets
Treatment	Surgical repair, reduction of fractures, antibiotics, pain management
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	Generally good with appropriate treatment, but may result in scarring or functional impairment
Frequency	Common, especially in young adults and males
Deaths	N/A

Facial trauma, also known as maxillofacial trauma, is any physical trauma to the face. Facial trauma can involve soft tissue injuries such as burns, lacerations, and bruises, as well as fractures of the facial bones and trauma such as eye injuries. Treatment often involves the care of a multidisciplinary team including but not limited to maxillofacial surgeons, otolaryngologists, plastic surgeons, and ophthalmologists. Facial trauma can result from a wide range of incidents, including motor vehicle accidents, falls, sports injuries, and violent attacks.

Causes

Facial trauma can be caused by a variety of incidents, including:

• Motor vehicle accidents: High-speed collisions can cause significant facial injuries.
• Falls: Falling from a height or tripping can lead to facial trauma.
• Sports injuries: Contact sports such as football, boxing, and martial arts can result in facial injuries.
• Violent attacks: Assaults, including domestic violence and gunshot wounds, can cause severe facial trauma.
• Work-related injuries: Accidents occurring in the workplace, especially in construction and industrial settings.

Types of Facial Trauma

Facial trauma can be classified into several types, including:

• Soft tissue injuries: These include lacerations, bruises, and burns.
• Bone injuries: Fractures of the facial bones, such as the nose, cheekbones, and jaw.
• Dental injuries: Damage to the teeth and the supporting bone structure.
• Eye injuries: Trauma that affects the eye and its surrounding structures.

Symptoms

Symptoms of facial trauma can vary widely depending on the severity and type of injury but may include:

• Visible injuries such as cuts, bruises, and swelling
• Bleeding from the nose, mouth, or eye sockets
• Difficulty breathing through the nose due to swelling or obstruction
• Pain and tenderness in the face
• Distorted facial appearance due to fractures
• Difficulty opening the mouth or chewing
• Loss of sensation in the face
• Vision problems, including double vision or loss of vision

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of facial trauma involves a physical examination and imaging tests. The healthcare provider will assess the face for visible signs of injury and check for functionality of the facial structures. Imaging tests may include:

• X-rays: To detect fractures of the facial bones.
• Computed tomography (CT) scan: Provides detailed images of bone and soft tissues.
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): Used to evaluate soft tissue damage.

Treatment

Treatment for facial trauma depends on the type and severity of the injury. It may include:

• Medical treatment: For minor injuries, treatment may involve pain management, wound care, and antibiotics to prevent infection.
• Surgical treatment: Severe injuries may require surgery to repair fractures, reconstruct facial features, and restore function. This can involve the use of plates, screws, and other fixation devices.
• Rehabilitation: Physical therapy and other rehabilitation services may be necessary to regain full function and appearance.

Prevention

Preventing facial trauma involves taking precautions during activities that pose a risk to the face. This includes wearing seat belts, using protective gear during sports, ensuring safe work environments, and avoiding physical altercations.

Images

• 
  Fracture of the left orbital floor
• 
  Le Fort I fracture (example)
• 
  Le Fort I fracture (anatomy)
• 
  Le Fort II fracture (example)
• 
  Le Fort II fracture (anatomy)
• 
  Le Fort III fracture (example)
• 
  Le Fort III fracture (anatomy)
• 
  Human skull front bones
• 
  Trauma to parotid duct

See Also

• Plastic surgery
• Oral and maxillofacial surgery
• Trauma surgery
• Emergency medicine

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