Photoisomerization: Difference between revisions
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'''Photoisomerization''' is a process in | '''Photoisomerization''' is a process in which a molecule undergoes a structural change upon absorption of light. This phenomenon is a type of [[photochemical reaction]] and is significant in various fields such as [[chemistry]], [[biology]], and [[materials science]]. | ||
== | ==Mechanism== | ||
Photoisomerization involves the conversion of a molecule from one isomeric form to another. This process is typically initiated by the absorption of a photon, which provides the energy necessary to overcome the activation barrier between isomers. The most common types of photoisomerization involve [[cis-trans isomerism]] and [[ring-opening reactions]]. | |||
===Cis-Trans Isomerization=== | |||
[[File:Cis-trans-PtCl2P2.png|thumb|left|Cis-trans isomerization example]] | |||
In cis-trans isomerization, a molecule with a double bond or a similar structural feature changes from a cis (same side) to a trans (opposite side) configuration, or vice versa. This type of isomerization is common in [[azobenzene]] compounds, which are widely studied for their reversible photoisomerization properties. | |||
== | ===Ring-Opening Reactions=== | ||
[[File:Synthesis_of_quadricyclane_from_norbornadiene.png|thumb|right|Ring-opening of norbornadiene to quadricyclane]] | |||
Ring-opening reactions involve the conversion of a cyclic molecule to an acyclic form. An example is the conversion of [[norbornadiene]] to [[quadricyclane]], which is a photoinduced process that stores energy in the form of chemical bonds. | |||
==Applications== | |||
Photoisomerization has numerous applications across different scientific disciplines. In [[biology]], it plays a crucial role in vision, where the photoisomerization of [[retinal]] is a key step in the phototransduction pathway. In [[materials science]], photoisomerizable compounds are used in the development of [[molecular switches]] and [[light-responsive materials]]. | |||
== | ===Dyes and Pigments=== | ||
[[File:Methyl_red.svg|thumb|left|Methyl red, a pH indicator]] | |||
Photoisomerization is also important in the field of dyes and pigments. Compounds like [[methyl red]] undergo structural changes upon exposure to light, which can alter their color and are used as [[pH indicators]]. | |||
===Molecular Machines=== | |||
Photoisomerizable molecules are integral to the design of [[molecular machines]] and [[nanotechnology]]. These molecules can act as switches or motors, changing their conformation in response to light and performing mechanical work at the molecular level. | |||
== | ==Examples== | ||
===Azobenzene=== | |||
Azobenzene is one of the most studied photoisomerizable compounds. It can switch between its trans and cis forms upon exposure to UV and visible light, respectively. This property makes azobenzene a popular choice for applications in [[optical data storage]] and [[smart materials]]. | |||
== | ===Metal Complexes=== | ||
[[File:Fe(picNH2)3.png|thumb|right|Photoisomerization in metal complexes]] | |||
Certain metal complexes also exhibit photoisomerization. These complexes can change their geometry or coordination upon light absorption, which can be utilized in [[catalysis]] and [[photopharmacology]]. | |||
==Related pages== | |||
* [[Photochemistry]] | * [[Photochemistry]] | ||
* [[ | * [[Isomerism]] | ||
* [[ | * [[Molecular switch]] | ||
* [[Retinal (molecule)]] | |||
[[Category:Photochemistry]] | [[Category:Photochemistry]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Isomerism]] | ||
Latest revision as of 20:44, 22 February 2025
Photoisomerization is a process in which a molecule undergoes a structural change upon absorption of light. This phenomenon is a type of photochemical reaction and is significant in various fields such as chemistry, biology, and materials science.
Mechanism[edit]
Photoisomerization involves the conversion of a molecule from one isomeric form to another. This process is typically initiated by the absorption of a photon, which provides the energy necessary to overcome the activation barrier between isomers. The most common types of photoisomerization involve cis-trans isomerism and ring-opening reactions.
Cis-Trans Isomerization[edit]
In cis-trans isomerization, a molecule with a double bond or a similar structural feature changes from a cis (same side) to a trans (opposite side) configuration, or vice versa. This type of isomerization is common in azobenzene compounds, which are widely studied for their reversible photoisomerization properties.
Ring-Opening Reactions[edit]
Ring-opening reactions involve the conversion of a cyclic molecule to an acyclic form. An example is the conversion of norbornadiene to quadricyclane, which is a photoinduced process that stores energy in the form of chemical bonds.
Applications[edit]
Photoisomerization has numerous applications across different scientific disciplines. In biology, it plays a crucial role in vision, where the photoisomerization of retinal is a key step in the phototransduction pathway. In materials science, photoisomerizable compounds are used in the development of molecular switches and light-responsive materials.
Dyes and Pigments[edit]
Photoisomerization is also important in the field of dyes and pigments. Compounds like methyl red undergo structural changes upon exposure to light, which can alter their color and are used as pH indicators.
Molecular Machines[edit]
Photoisomerizable molecules are integral to the design of molecular machines and nanotechnology. These molecules can act as switches or motors, changing their conformation in response to light and performing mechanical work at the molecular level.
Examples[edit]
Azobenzene[edit]
Azobenzene is one of the most studied photoisomerizable compounds. It can switch between its trans and cis forms upon exposure to UV and visible light, respectively. This property makes azobenzene a popular choice for applications in optical data storage and smart materials.
Metal Complexes[edit]
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Certain metal complexes also exhibit photoisomerization. These complexes can change their geometry or coordination upon light absorption, which can be utilized in catalysis and photopharmacology.
