Immunohematology
Immunohematology
Immunohematology (pronounced: im·mu·no·he·ma·tol·o·gy) is a branch of hematology that studies the interaction between the immune system and blood cells. The term is derived from the Greek words 'immuno' meaning 'immune', 'hema' meaning 'blood', and 'logia' meaning 'study of'.
Immunohematology is primarily concerned with the study of red blood cells (RBCs) antigens and antibodies associated with blood transfusion reactions. It plays a crucial role in ensuring the safety and compatibility of blood transfusions.
History
Immunohematology, as a distinct field, emerged in the early 20th century with the discovery of ABO blood group system by Karl Landsteiner. The development of the Rh blood group system further expanded the field.
Key Concepts
Immunohematology encompasses several key concepts, including:
- Blood Groups: These are classifications of blood based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). The most significant blood groups in immunohematology are the ABO and Rh systems.
- Antibodies: These are proteins produced by the immune system in response to foreign substances (antigens). In immunohematology, antibodies are of particular interest because they can cause transfusion reactions if they react with incompatible blood antigens.
- Antigens: These are substances that can trigger an immune response. In the context of immunohematology, antigens are found on the surface of red blood cells and can determine a person's blood type.
- Transfusion Reactions: These are adverse reactions that occur when a patient receives a blood transfusion. Immunohematology plays a crucial role in preventing these reactions by ensuring the compatibility of donor and recipient blood.
Related Fields
Immunohematology is closely related to other fields such as transfusion medicine, clinical immunology, and molecular genetics.
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