Vulgaris

Acne vulgaris, commonly known as acne, is a long-term skin condition characterized by blackheads, whiteheads, pimples, oily skin, and possibly scarring. It primarily affects areas of the skin with a relatively high number of oil glands, including the face, upper part of the chest, and back. The severity of acne vulgaris can vary significantly from person to person, and while it predominantly affects adolescents, it can occur at any age. Factors contributing to the development of acne include genetics, diet, stress, hormone changes, and infections.

Causes and Pathophysiology

Acne vulgaris develops as a result of blockages in hair follicles. Hyperkeratinization and formation of a plug of keratin and sebum (a microcomedo) is the earliest change. Increased production of oily sebum by the skin, changes in the skin microbial community, and inflammation play a role in the development of acne lesions. Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) bacteria, which are normally present on the skin, can contribute to the infection of blocked follicles, leading to pustules, nodules, and possibly cysts.

Hormonal activity, such as menstrual cycles and puberty, may contribute to the formation of acne, along with the use of certain medications, including corticosteroids, androgens, or lithium. Diet and certain genetic factors can also influence the severity of acne.

Symptoms and Signs

The primary symptoms of acne vulgaris include the presence of blackheads, whiteheads, and other types of pimples on the skin. The affected areas may also be painful or tender. In severe cases, acne can lead to noticeable scarring and dark spots on the skin after lesions heal.

Treatment

Treatment of acne vulgaris aims to reduce the severity and prevent scarring while improving the appearance of the skin. Options include lifestyle changes, topical treatments, antibiotics, and in more severe cases, isotretinoin. A dermatologist may employ treatments such as chemical peels, microdermabrasion, or laser therapy to reduce scarring and inflammation.

Lifestyle Changes

Simple measures such as using non-comedogenic skincare products, maintaining a healthy diet, and reducing stress can help manage acne.

Medications

Topical treatments like benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, and retinoids are commonly used to treat mild to moderate acne. For more severe cases, oral antibiotics or isotretinoin may be prescribed to reduce inflammation and bacterial count.

Prevention

While not all forms of acne can be prevented, maintaining a healthy skincare routine, avoiding known acne triggers, and seeking early treatment can help manage the condition and reduce the risk of scarring.

Epidemiology

Acne vulgaris is the most common skin condition in the United States, affecting up to 50 million Americans annually. It commonly begins during puberty and affects many adolescents and young adults. Approximately 85% of people between the ages of 12 and 24 experience at least minor acne.

See Also

• Dermatology
• Sebaceous gland
• Comedo
• Hormonal acne

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