Universal testing machine

Universal Testing Machine

A universal testing machine (UTM), also known as a universal tester, is a device used to test the tensile strength and compressive strength of materials. It is named "universal" because it can perform many different varieties of tests on an equally diverse range of materials, components, and structures.

A universal testing machine

Description

The universal testing machine consists of two main parts: the load frame and the control console. The load frame is the structure that holds the specimen and applies the load, while the control console is used to control the machine and record the data.

The load frame typically consists of two vertical columns and a crosshead, which can be moved up or down to apply tension or compression to the specimen. The specimen is held in place by grips or fixtures that are attached to the crosshead and the base of the machine.

Types of Tests

Universal testing machines can perform a variety of tests, including:

• Tensile testing: This test measures the force required to pull something to the point where it breaks.
• Compression testing: This test measures the material's ability to withstand compressive forces.
• Bend testing: This test measures the material's ability to resist deformation under load.
• Shear testing: This test measures the material's ability to resist forces that cause the internal structure to slide against itself.

A three-point flexural test being performed on a universal testing machine

Applications

Universal testing machines are used in a wide range of industries, including:

• Construction: To test the strength of building materials such as concrete and steel.
• Automotive industry: To test the durability of vehicle components.
• Aerospace industry: To ensure the reliability of materials used in aircraft.
• Manufacturing: To test the quality of products and materials.

Operation

The operation of a universal testing machine involves several steps:

1. Preparation: The specimen is prepared and mounted in the machine. 2. Calibration: The machine is calibrated to ensure accurate measurements. 3. Testing: The test is performed by applying a load to the specimen. 4. Data Collection: The data is collected and analyzed to determine the material properties.

Related Pages

• Tensile testing
• Compression testing
• Material testing
• Mechanical properties of materials

References

• Callister, William D. "Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction." John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
• ASTM International. "Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials." ASTM E8/E8M-16a.

• 
  Universal testing machine
• 
  Three point flexural test
• 
  Universal testing machine