Trebonianus Gallus

MMA bronze 03

Rare aureus of Trebonianus Gallus (obverse)

Trébonien Galle

Trebonianus Gallus (Gaius Vibius Trebonianus Gallus) was Roman Emperor from 251 to 253 AD. His reign is part of a period in Roman history known for military anarchy and crisis, often referred to as the Crisis of the Third Century, where the Roman Empire faced significant internal and external challenges, including economic decline, civil wars, and invasions by barbarian tribes.

Early Life

Little is known about the early life of Trebonianus Gallus. He was born in Italy, around 206 AD, into an aristocratic family. Before becoming emperor, Gallus had a distinguished military career and held several important positions within the Roman government, showcasing his loyalty and capabilities to the empire.

Rise to Power

Trebonianus Gallus rose to power amidst the chaos following the Battle of Abrittus, where Decius, the reigning emperor, and his son were killed in a battle against the Goths in 251 AD. Gallus, who was then governor of Moesia and Pannonia, was proclaimed emperor by his troops. To secure his position and appease the Roman Senate, he quickly made peace with the Goths, allowing them to keep their plunder. This decision was controversial and seen by many as a sign of weakness.

Reign

During his reign, Trebonianus Gallus faced numerous challenges. The empire was plagued by economic problems, including inflation and a debasement of the currency. Additionally, the Plague of Cyprian, a pandemic that may have been smallpox or measles, ravaged the empire, causing widespread mortality and further destabilizing the already weakened economy.

Gallus attempted to address these issues through various administrative and military reforms. He also sought to improve the empire's defenses by strengthening the legions and increasing their numbers. However, his efforts were largely unsuccessful in reversing the empire's fortunes.

In foreign policy, Gallus tried to maintain peace with the empire's enemies through diplomacy and negotiated settlements. However, these efforts were often seen as failures, leading to criticism and unrest among the Roman populace and military.

Downfall and Death

Trebonianus Gallus' reign came to an abrupt end in 253 AD when Aemilianus, the governor of Moesia and Pannonia, declared himself emperor and marched against Gallus. The two forces met in battle near Interamna Nahars, but before the conflict could be resolved, Gallus was assassinated by his own troops, who had lost faith in his leadership. Aemilianus was then recognized as the new emperor, although his reign would be short-lived.

Legacy

The reign of Trebonianus Gallus is often viewed as a period of continued decline for the Roman Empire, marked by internal instability and external threats. Despite his attempts to stabilize and strengthen the empire, his policies and actions were largely ineffective in addressing the myriad of crises facing Rome. His reign exemplifies the challenges and difficulties of governing the Roman Empire during the Crisis of the Third Century.