Sexual violence

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A campaign poster by West Midlands Police addressing rape and serious sexual offences.

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Sexual violence is a serious violation of human rights and a pervasive public health issue that affects individuals worldwide. It encompasses a range of acts, including rape, sexual assault, and other forms of non-consensual sexual activity. Sexual violence can occur in various contexts, including within intimate relationships, during armed conflict, and as a form of gender-based violence.

Definition and Forms

Sexual violence is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as "any sexual act, attempt to obtain a sexual act, unwanted sexual comments or advances, or acts to traffic, or otherwise directed, against a person’s sexuality using coercion, by any person regardless of their relationship to the victim, in any setting." This broad definition includes:

• Rape: Non-consensual penetration, however slight, of the vagina, anus, or mouth with a body part or object.
• Sexual Assault: Any unwanted sexual contact that does not involve penetration.
• Sexual Harassment: Unwanted sexual advances or obscene remarks.
• Sexual Exploitation: Taking advantage of another person for sexual purposes.

Prevalence

Sexual violence is a global issue, affecting millions of people each year. According to the World Health Organization, approximately 1 in 3 women worldwide have experienced either physical and/or sexual intimate partner violence or non-partner sexual violence in their lifetime. Men and boys are also victims, though often underreported due to stigma and societal norms.

Diagram showing how rape statistics are formulated.

Impact

The impact of sexual violence is profound and multifaceted, affecting the physical, mental, and social well-being of survivors. Physical consequences can include injuries, sexually transmitted infections, and unwanted pregnancies. Psychological effects often include post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety. Socially, survivors may face stigma, discrimination, and isolation.

Legal Frameworks

Sexual violence is recognized as a crime under international law. Control Council Law No. 10 lists rape as a crime against humanity. Many countries have national laws criminalizing sexual violence, though enforcement and definitions can vary significantly.

Control Council Law No. 10 excerpt listing rape as a crime against humanity.

Prevention and Support

Efforts to prevent sexual violence include education, community programs, and policy changes aimed at promoting gender equality and respectful relationships. Support for survivors is critical and can include medical care, psychological support, and legal assistance.

Also see

• Rape
• Sexual assault
• Gender-based violence
• Post-traumatic stress disorder
• World Health Organization