Racism

Racism is a belief that one race is superior to others and results in discrimination and prejudice based on racial differences. It can be institutional, systemic, or individual and can manifest in social, economic, and political systems.

Definition

Racism is defined as a belief that some races are inherently superior (physically, intellectually, or culturally) to others and therefore have a right to dominate them. In its modern form, racism evolved in tandem with European exploration and conquest of much of the rest of the world, and especially after Christopher Columbus reached the Americas.

History

The concept of race as a rough division of anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens) has a long and complicated history. The word race itself is modern and was used in the sense of "nation, ethnic group" during the 16th to 19th centuries and acquired its modern meaning in the field of physical anthropology only from the mid-19th century.

Types of Racism

Racism can be classified into different types such as individual racism, institutional racism, and systemic racism.

Individual Racism

Individual racism refers to an individual's racist assumptions, beliefs or behaviours and is a form of racial discrimination that stems from conscious and unconscious, personal prejudice.

Institutional Racism

Institutional racism is a form of racism that is embedded as normal practice within society or an organization. It can lead to such issues as discrimination in criminal justice, employment, housing, health care, political power, and education, among other issues.

Systemic Racism

Systemic racism, also known as structural racism, is racial discrimination by governments, corporations, religions, or educational institutions or other large organizations with the power to influence the lives of many individuals.

Effects of Racism

Racism has serious consequences for the people who are targeted. It can lead to negative mental and physical health outcomes, including depression, anxiety, and other serious, sometimes fatal conditions.

Anti-Racism

Anti-racism includes beliefs, actions, movements, and policies adopted or developed to oppose racism. In general, anti-racism is intended to promote an egalitarian society in which people do not face discrimination on the basis of their race.

See Also

• Racial segregation
• Racial discrimination
• Racial profiling
• Racial inequality

References

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